Table 2.
Associated factors for fatty liver: Male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
| Univariate |
|
Multivariate |
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 700) | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p |
| Age (year) | 0.92 (0.90–0.94) | <0.0001* | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 0.0359* |
| Duration of diabetes mellitus (year) | 0.92 (0.90–0.94) | <0.0001* | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.2915 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.40 (1.30–1.50) | <0.0001* | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) | 0.1478 |
| Waist (cm) | 1.12 (1.09–1.14) | <0.0001* | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | 0.9303 |
| SAT (cm2) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001* | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.8384 |
| VAT (cm2) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001* | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.0108* |
| HbA1c (%) | 1.31 (1.15–1.50) | <0.0001* | 1.05 (0.85–1.29) | 0.6255 |
| Platelet (103/µl) | 1.04 (1.00–1.07) | 0.0262* | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 0.6176 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 7.72 (3.91–15.2) | <0.0001* | 4.23 (1.74–10.2) | 0.0014* |
| Bilirubin (g/ml) | 2.14 (1.22–3.76) | 0.0023* | 1.56 (0.68–3.57) | 0.2909 |
| ALP (U/l) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.8533 | ||
| γ-GT (U/l) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | <0.0001* | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.9997 |
| AST (U/l) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | <0.0001* | 1.01 (0.98–1.05) | 0.1850 |
| ALT (U/l) | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | <0.0001* | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.0255* |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | <0.0001* | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.0339* |
| TC (mg/dl) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.0001* | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.7055 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.0002* | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.7811 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | 0.0001* | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.1865 |
| Smoking (BI) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.0225* | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.5420 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.8026 | ||
| Hypertension | 0.83 (0.59–1.17) | 0.2340 | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.85 (0.60–1.20) | 0.3144 | ||
| Hyperuricemia | 0.84 (0.46–1.54) | 0.5099 | ||
| Use of insulin | 0.59 (0.40–0.86) | 0.0217* | 1.06 (0.62–1.81) | 0.8047 |
| Use of sulfonylurea | 1.15 (0.82–1.62) | 0.3800 | ||
| Use of nateglinide | 0.71 (0.30–1.64) | 0.4248 | ||
| Use of α-GI | 1.03 (0.66–1.62) | 1.0000 | ||
| Use of biguanide | 1.80 (1.28–2.55) | 0.0022* | 1.17 (0.73–1.88) | 0.4994 |
| Use of thiazolidine | 1.21 (0.67–2.19) | 0.5881 | ||
| Use of DPP-4, GLP-1 | 1.91 (1.08–3.38) | 0.0312* | 1.68 (0.77–3.67) | 0.1864 |
| Use of ARB | 0.99 (0.70–1.40) | 0.8943 | ||
| Use of ACE-I | 0.62 (0.27–1.43) | 0.2270 | ||
| Use of α/β-blocker | 0.53 (0.23–1.22) | 0.1129 | ||
| Use of CCB | 1.01 (0.70–1.43) | 0.9638 | ||
| Use of diuretics | 0.46 (0.21–0.99) | 0.0339* | 0.50 (0.20–1.27) | 0.1472 |
| Use of nitrate | 0.58 (0.19–1.71) | 0.3542 | ||
| Use of aspirin | 0.51 (0.29–0.92) | 0.0194* | 0.77 (0.037–1.61) | 0.4946 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; γ-GT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; AST, aspartate amino-transferase; ALT, alanine amino-transferase; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BI, Brinkman Index; α-GI, α-glucosidase inhibitor; DPP-4, inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ACE-I, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; CCB, calcium channel blocker
statistically significant (p < 0.05)