Table 2.
Results from the subgroup analysis of the meta-analysis.
| Characteristic | Studies | Case | Control | SMD (95% CI) | Heterogeneity |
P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 (%) | P-Value | ||||||
| All Studies | 17 | 5575 | 6389 | −3.41 (−4.01, −2.80) | 99 | <0.00001 | <0.00001 |
| Region | |||||||
| Asia | 8 | 2367 | 2495 | −4.73 (−6.29, −3.17) | 99 | <0.00001 | <0.00001 |
| Europe | 5 | 987 | 964 | −2.34 (−4.65, −0.04) | 100 | <0.00001 | 0.05 |
| USA | 4 | 2221 | 2930 | −2.94 (−3.97, −1.91) | 99 | <0.00001 | <0.00001 |
| Age | |||||||
| > 60 years | 7 | 4953 | 5783 | −1.47 (−2.19, −0.76) | 100 | <0.00001 | <0.0001 |
| < 60 years | 10 | 622 | 606 | −5.45 (−7.33, −3.57) | 99 | <0.00001 | <0.00001 |
| Type | |||||||
| T1DM | 3 | 102 | 104 | −0.74 (−1.46, −0.03) | 83 | 0.003 | 0.04 |
| T2DM¶ | 15 | 5473 | 6285 | −3.98 (−4.65, −3.31) | 99 | <0.00001 | <0.00001 |
| BMI | |||||||
| Normal | 3 | 155 | 158 | −3.28 (−5.06, −1.50) | 97 | <0.00001 | 0.0003 |
| Overweight | 4 | 2095 | 2216 | −1.69 (−2.82, −0.56) | 98 | <0.00001 | 0.003 |
| Obese | 5 | 2448 | 3336 | −1.12 (−1.75, −0.49) | 99 | <0.00001 | 0.0005 |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 2 | 114 | 126 | −7.46 (−19.49, 4.56) | 100 | <0.00001 | 0.22 |
| Female | 1 | 1675 | 2380 | −0.11 (−0.17, −0.05) | − | − | 0.0007 |
¶
Data originate from the same paper (Ref. 14). The same control group was used for each comparison (n = 80).
SMD, standardized mean difference; CI, confidence interval; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index.