Fig. 5.

The structure of a half 30S proteasome and some important known posttranslational modifications. The single subunits of a half 30S proteasome - shown is the half of a 20S proteasome (one alpha- and one beta-ring) attached to the 19S regulator protein. The single subunits are color-coded, the structure is a 3D-reconstruction from cryo-electron microscopic data. The table on the right shows different posttranslational modifications (HNE=protein-adduct with the lipid peroxidation product trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; PC= protein carbonyls; S-Glu=S-glutathionylation; S-Gly=S-glycosylation; Phos=phosphorylation) that have been shown already for the respective subunits [89].