Table 2.

Expression and physiological roles of CRTCs’ isoforms.

Organism	Isoform	Tissue specific expression	Physiological process regulated	References
Mouse	CRTC1	Brain	Energy balance, fertility	[10]
			(Hippocampus) Memory formation	[97]
			(Suprachiasmatic nuclei) Circadian rhythm	[118,119]
	CRTC2	White Adipose Tissue	Insulin Resistance	[52]
		Lung	Unknown	[12]
		Liver	Regulation of lipogenesis	[21]
			Gluconeogenesis	[13,29,31]
		Muscle	Mitochondrial biogenesis	[12]
		Immune System	Macrophage M1 to M2 interconversion (promotes insulin sensitivity)	[45]
			T helper (Th)17 cells differentiation	[46]
		Brain	Hypothalamic glucose sensing	[62,63]
		Pancreas	(Beta cells) Insulin secretion	[25,54,55]
	CRTC3	Lung	Unknown	[12]
		White Adipose Tissue	Attenuates response to catecholamine signals	[14]
		Brown Adipose Tissue	Unknown	[14]
		Immune System	Macrophage M1 to M2 interconversion	[71]
Drosophila	Crtc	Neurons	Central regulation of metabolism	[58,59,60]
			(mushroom body) Memory formation	[98,100]
			Circadian rhythm	[120]
		Intestine	Stem cells proliferation	[108]
C. elegans	crtc-1	Neurons	Lifespan Central regulation of metabolism	[3,4]
		Intestine	Unknown	[3]

List of CRTCs’ isoforms in mouse, Drosophila and C. elegans, their specific expression and physiological roles.