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. 2017 Jul 15;130(14):2266–2276. doi: 10.1242/jcs.203000

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© 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Fig. 5. — Mathematical simulation shows that KT lateral sliding along MTs shortens the total KT collection time by delaying and diminishing discernible KT detachments. (A) Diagram outlining a computer simulation that recapitulates the initial KT–MT interaction, projected on the x-z plane (Gandhi et al., 2011). KTs locate in the vicinity of a spindle pole before centromere (CEN) DNA replication (yellow dots). Upon CEN replication, KTs disassemble, and CENs move away from a pole (gray dots) (Kitamura et al., 2007). KTs are then reassembled (red dots) on CENs, interact with the lateral side of MTs extended from a spindle pole (orange dots) and slide along a MT towards a spindle pole (green dots). KTs are then tethered at the MT end and transported polewards by MT end-on pulling (purple dots). Subsequently, they are tethered at the end of short MTs in the vicinity of the pole (blue dots). Representative examples of computer simulations are shown in Movies 6 and 7. (B) Example of KT detachment after an end-on attached KT comes into contact with a laterally attached KT; in the absence of KT sliding, projected onto the x-z plane. At 9.396 min, an end-on attached KT (KT07, KT on CEN7) came into contact with a laterally attached KT (KT05, KT on CEN5). After co-transport for a short period, the laterally attached KT05 showed detachment at 9.508 min. (C) Frequency and positions of KT detachments. 100,000 simulations were carried out in each of the following three conditions: the presence (wild-type condition) and absence of sliding, and no sliding with reduced detachments (9.4% of ‘standard’ rate). In each condition, the graph (top) shows the number of simulations (y-axis) with the indicated number of KT detachments (x-axis), the two-dimensional density maps (middle) show the positions of KT detachments, projected onto the x-z plane, and the graph on the bottom left shows the numbers of KT detachments (y-axis) that happened at the given distance from a spindle pole (x-axis), categorized in each bin (0.09 μm); numbers of KT detachments are also shown (bottom, right) after normalization (the maximum number was normalized to 1.0 in each condition). (D) Total KT collection time, i.e. the time from the first centromere detachment from a spindle pole until the last centromere reached a pole and formed the end-on attachment, was analyzed in three conditions shown in C. A total of 100,000 simulations were carried out in each condition. Graph shows the number of simulations (y-axis) with the total KT collection time (x-axis), categorized in each bin (0.32 min interval).