Table 3.
Metabolic parameters in lithium-treated bipolar disorder patients
| Exposure (years) | N | Lithium dose (mg/day) | Serum [Li+] (mEq/L) | BMI (kg/m2) | Glucose (mg/dL) | BUN (mg/dL) | Creatinine (mg/dL) | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 312 | 797 ± 283 | 0.594 ± 0.201 | 25.9 ± 4.81 | 88.1 ± 14.3 | 23.7 ± 11.4 | 0.87 ± 0.19 | 94.2 ± 23.3 |
| 1 | 312 | 859 ± 282 | 0.638 ± 0.171 | 27.9 ± 5.87a | 90.5 ± 16.3 | 22.1 ± 10.4 | 0.86 ± 0.17 | 94.8 ± 22.2 |
| 2–5 | 1561 | 877 ± 296a | 0.658 ± 0.185 | 27.3 ± 5.10a | 90.9 ± 17.9 | 23.8 ± 10.8 | 0.87 ± 0.17 | 91.2 ± 21.1 |
| 6–10 | 1490 | 875 ± 310a | 0.656 ± 0.177 | 27.5 ± 5.15a | 97.4 ± 28.6a | 24.5 ± 11.2 | 0.90 ± 0.19 | 86.1 ± 20.1a |
| 11–15 | 1080 | 858 ± 320 | 0.672 ± 0.188 | 27.0 ± 4.57 | 95.3 ± 24.0a | 25.4 ± 11.7 | 0.91 ± 0.21 | 83.9 ± 20.2a |
| 16–20 | 739 | 815 ± 305 | 0.671 ± 0.191 | 27.6 ± 4.71a | 98.6 ± 28.4a | 26.9 ± 14.1 | 0.93 ± 0.24a | 78.8 ± 19.3a |
| 21–30 | 760 | 716 ± 289a | 0.651 ± 0.172 | 27.6 ± 4.30a | 103.8 ± 33.5a | 31.2 ± 15.7a | 0.98 ± 0.29a | 72.7 ± 20.1a |
| ≥31 | 201 | 647 ± 334a | 0.607 ± 0.168 | 26.6 ± 5.03 | 121.9 ± 54.9a | 33.1 ± 15.8a | 1.17 ± 0.48a | 62.2 ± 22.9a |
| Means [95% CI] | 312 subjects | 833 ± 311 [824–842] | 0.656 ± 0.184 [0.650–0.662] | 27.0 ± 4.86 [26.5–27.5] | 97.3 ± 28.4 [94.1–100.5] | 26.1 ± 12.9 [24.7–27.5] | 0.92 ± 0.24 [0.89–0.95] | 83.3 ± 21.8 [80.9–85.7] |
| Change (%/year) | 2669 assays | –0.777 [–0.654 to –0.901] | –0.005 [–0.118 to –0.118] | +0.162 [0.011–0.311] | +0.787 [0.619–0.954] | +1.41 [1.10–1.72] | +0.724 [0.609–0.839] | –0.915 [–0.822 to –1.01] |
| p value [t-score] | 2669 assays | <0.0001 [12.4] | 0.94 [0.077] | 0.04 [2.11] | <0.0001 [9.21] | <0.0001 [8.91] | <0.0001 [12.4] | <0.0001 [19.1] |
Data are based on means of N measurements (of a total of 2669) for 312 subjects over stated exposures to lithium treatment
Not shown are data for white blood cell counts (WBC), which did not change appreciably (initital: 7.29, final: 7.59 × 10–3 per µL)
BMI (body-mass index [kg/m2]), BUN (blood urea nitrogen [mg/dL]), creatinine [mg/dL], eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate for creatinine [mL/min/1.73 m2]), glucose (not necessarily fasting [mg/dL]), WBC (white blood cell count [thousands/µL])
aValues differ significantly from baseline measure, based on Tukey–Kramer post hoc tests comparing each exposure-interval to baseline values