Table 4.
Summary of molecular biomarkers predicting malignant progression
| Biomarker | Phase | Sample size | End-point |
| Biomarker panels | |||
| 8-gene methylation panel | 3 | 195 | High grade dysplasia/adenocarcinoma |
| DNA content abnormalities and loss of heterozygosity | 4 | 243 | Adenocarcinoma |
| Expert low grade dysplasia, aneuploidy, Aspergillus oryzae lectin | 3 | 380 | Adenocarcinoma |
| DNA content abnormalities | |||
| Aneupolidy/tetraploidy | 4 | 322 | Adenocarcinoma |
| Tumour suppressor loci | |||
| p53 loss of heterozygosity | 4 | 256 | Adenocarcinoma |
| p53 staining | 4 | 48 | High grade dysplasia/adenocarcinoma |
| Epigenetics | |||
| P16 methylation | 3 | 53 | HD/adenocarcinoma |
| Proliferation | |||
| Mcm2 | 3 | 27 | Adenocarcinoma |
| Clonal diversity | |||
| Clonal diversity measures | 4 | 239 | Adenocarcinoma |
| Cell cycle markers | |||
| Cyclin A | 3 | 48 | High grade dysplasia/adenocarcinoma |
| Cyclin D1 | 3 | 307 | Adenocarcinoma |
| Serum biomarkers | |||
| Leukocyte telomere length | 4 | 300 | Adenocarcinoma |
| Selenoprotein P | 4 | 361 | Adenocarcinoma |