Figure 4.

A conceptualization of A. mellifera colony stress as a spectrum with the current Australian situation being at one end and experiencing only sporadic colony losses and the increased colony losses of the USA and parts of Europe at the right-most extent of the spectrum. We hypothesize that a key underlying driver creating this spectrum may be V. destructor and DWV acting as co-pathogens, and interacting with other pathogens and abiotic stressors. Most countries are situated in the middle, with variable occurrence and severity of colony losses.