Table 3.

Five stress profiles identified across comparable studies of global A. mellifera populations compiled as part of a semi-systematic review (see Supplementary material 4).

Stress profile	Colony stressors				Increased colony losses reported	Identified populations	Commercial-scale beekeepers
	Varroa destructor	DWV complex	Other pathogens	Abiotic stressors
1	No	No	Most	Most	No	Australia	Yes
2	No	No	Few	Few	No	Uganda, Norfolk Island	No
3	No	Yes	Few	Few	No	Newfoundland Island	No
4	Yes	Yes	Some/Most	Some/Most	No	Europe (some countries). New Zealand, South America, Africa, Asia	Yes (most countries)
5	Yes	Yes	Most	Most	Yes	North America, Europe (some countries)	Yes

Profiles are characterised by the presence or absence of known or hypothesized causes of increased honeybee colony losses. In relation to Fig. 4, populations with profiles 1–3 are on the lower end of the stress spectrum, populations with profile 4 range across the middle of the stress spectrum and populations with profile 5 are on the high end of the stress spectrum.