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. 2017 Jul 31;7:6943. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07008-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic of the rapid ILs-polishing process for directly fabricating the nanostructured transparent paper from a regular paper. (a) Regular paper. The insert in the bottom left corner is a SEM image of the regular paper. (b) The ideal structure of single cellulose fiber. The insert in the bottom right corner is a magnified idealdiagram of cellulose nanofibers distributing along the cross section of a single cellulose fiber. (c) The various invading pathways of ILs in the P, L layers on the cell wall. The S Layer indicates the invading channel for ILs in disordered S region, while the P1, P2, P3 indicates respectively the invading channel for ILs exiting in the ordered region of gaps microfibrils, amorphous and elementary fibrils. (d) The invading models of ILs in fibrous cellulose matrix under a hot pressing process. (e) Formation of cellulose nanofibers and its nanowelding process. (f) Digital picture of the nanostructured paper.