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. 2017 Jul 31;7:6929. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07319-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The two-step bacterial transformations of deoxynivalenol (DON) to 3-epi-DON proceeds through the formation of 3-keto-DON intermediate. DON biotransformation to 3-epi-DON in different Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial isolates (including Devosia mutans) is predicted to proceed through two separate enzymatic steps. The first oxidation step leads to the formation of 3-keto-DON intermediate while the second reduction step leads to 3-epi-DON accumulation.