Table 3. Estimated health-system costs for treatment of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis receiving decentralized and centralized care.

Study	Study design	Country	Decentralized care			Centralized care		Difference in per-patient costs of centralized carea
			Description	Cost (US$/patient)		Description	Cost (US$/patient)
Musa et al.23	Modelling of costs from a health-systems perspective	Nigeria	Home-based care for entire duration of treatment	1535		Hospital-based care for intensive phase, then home-based care for continuation phase	2095	37% higher
Sinanovic et al.25	Modelling of costs from a health-systems perspective	South Africa	Primary health-care clinic for entire duration of treatment	7753b		Hospital-based care for intensive phase – until 4-month culture conversion – then clinic-based care	13 432c	42% higher
Kerschberger et al.d	Retrospective cohort study	Swaziland	Home-based care for entire duration of treatment	13 361		Clinic-based care for intensive phase, then home-based care for continuation phase	13 006	3% lower

US$: United States dollars.

^a Compared with corresponding costs of decentralized care.

^b 95% confidence interval: 6917–8522.

^c 95% confidence interval: 11 165–15 494.

^d Unpublished study from Médecins Sans Frontières, Mbabane, Swaziland, 2016.