AMPK	adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
AT	aerobically trained
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
AOC	area over the curve
Apo	apolipoprotein
BMI	body mass index
BW	body weight
C	cholesterol
CHO	carbohydrate
CI	confidence interval
CMF	cellular membrane fluidity
CRP	C-reactive protein
CVD	cardiovascular disease
DF	dried fruit
EA	ellagic acid
EPIC	European Prospective Investigation into Cancer
FA	fatty acid
FBG	fasting blood glucose
FBP	fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
G6Pase	glucose 6-phosphatase
GAE	gallic acid equivalents
GI	glycaemic index
GIP	gastric inhibitory polypeptide
GL	glycaemic load
GJ	grape juice
GLI	glibenclamide
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide-1
GLUT	glucose transporter type
GPE	grape powder extract
HA	high almond
HbA1c	glycated hemoglobin
HDL	high-density lipoprotein
HF	high fat
HFD	high-fat diet
HOMA-IR	homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
HPFS	Health Professionals Follow-Up Study
IAUC	incremental area under the curve
ICAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IGT	impaired glucose tolerance
IL-6	interleukin-6
IR	insulin resistance
LDL	low-density lipoprotein
LF	low-fat
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MedDiet	Mediterranean diet
MESA	Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
MetS	metabolic syndrome
MI	myocardial infarction
miRNA and miR	microRNA
M/F	male/female
MUFA	monounsaturated fatty acids
NA	not available
NAFLD	non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NCEP	National Cholesterol Education Program
NHANES	National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NHS	Nurses’ Health Study
NLCS	Netherlands Cohort Study
NS	non-significant
Ob	obese
ORAC	oxygen radical absorbance capacity
Ow	overweight
PBMC	peripheral blood mononuclear cell
PF-4	platelet factor-4
PHS	Physicians' Health Study
PM	post-menopausal
PPAR	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
pre-D	pre-diabetes
PREDIMED	PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea
PUFA	polyunsaturated fatty acids
PWE	polyphenol-rich walnut extract
Re	range
RETN	resistin
RCT	randomized clinical trial
RGR	relative glycaemic responses
RR	relative risk
RW	red wine
ROS	reactive oxygen species
S	sedentary
SBP	systolic blood pressure
SCCS	Southern Community Cohort Study
SCFA	short chain fatty acids
SFA	saturated fatty acids
SLC2A4	solute carrier family 2 member 4
SMHS	Shanghai Men's Health Study
STZ	streptozotocin
SWHS	Shanghai Women's Health Study
T2D	type 2 diabetes
TC	total cholesterol
TF	tissue factor
TG	triglycerides
TLGS	Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
USDA	United States Department of Agriculture
VFM	visceral fat mass
WB	white bread
WC	waist circumference
WHtR	waist-to-height ratio