AMPK |
adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
AT |
aerobically trained |
ATP |
adenosine triphosphate |
AOC |
area over the curve |
Apo |
apolipoprotein |
BMI |
body mass index |
BW |
body weight |
C |
cholesterol |
CHO |
carbohydrate |
CI |
confidence interval |
CMF |
cellular membrane fluidity |
CRP |
C-reactive protein |
CVD |
cardiovascular disease |
DF |
dried fruit |
EA |
ellagic acid |
EPIC |
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer |
FA |
fatty acid |
FBG |
fasting blood glucose |
FBP |
fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase |
G6Pase |
glucose 6-phosphatase |
GAE |
gallic acid equivalents |
GI |
glycaemic index |
GIP |
gastric inhibitory polypeptide |
GL |
glycaemic load |
GJ |
grape juice |
GLI |
glibenclamide |
GLP-1 |
glucagon-like peptide-1 |
GLUT |
glucose transporter type |
GPE |
grape powder extract |
HA |
high almond |
HbA1c
|
glycated hemoglobin |
HDL |
high-density lipoprotein |
HF |
high fat |
HFD |
high-fat diet |
HOMA-IR |
homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance |
HPFS |
Health Professionals Follow-Up Study |
IAUC |
incremental area under the curve |
ICAM-1 |
intercellular adhesion molecule-1 |
IGT |
impaired glucose tolerance |
IL-6 |
interleukin-6 |
IR |
insulin resistance |
LDL |
low-density lipoprotein |
LF |
low-fat |
LPS |
lipopolysaccharide |
MedDiet |
Mediterranean diet |
MESA |
Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis |
MetS |
metabolic syndrome |
MI |
myocardial infarction |
miRNA and miR |
microRNA |
M/F |
male/female |
MUFA |
monounsaturated fatty acids |
NA |
not available |
NAFLD |
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
NCEP |
National Cholesterol Education Program |
NHANES |
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
NHS |
Nurses’ Health Study |
NLCS |
Netherlands Cohort Study |
NS |
non-significant |
Ob |
obese |
ORAC |
oxygen radical absorbance capacity |
Ow |
overweight |
PBMC |
peripheral blood mononuclear cell |
PF-4 |
platelet factor-4 |
PHS |
Physicians' Health Study |
PM |
post-menopausal |
PPAR |
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors |
pre-D |
pre-diabetes |
PREDIMED |
PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea |
PUFA |
polyunsaturated fatty acids |
PWE |
polyphenol-rich walnut extract |
Re |
range |
RETN |
resistin |
RCT |
randomized clinical trial |
RGR |
relative glycaemic responses |
RR |
relative risk |
RW |
red wine |
ROS |
reactive oxygen species |
S |
sedentary |
SBP |
systolic blood pressure |
SCCS |
Southern Community Cohort Study |
SCFA |
short chain fatty acids |
SFA |
saturated fatty acids |
SLC2A4 |
solute carrier family 2 member 4 |
SMHS |
Shanghai Men's Health Study |
STZ |
streptozotocin |
SWHS |
Shanghai Women's Health Study |
T2D |
type 2 diabetes |
TC |
total cholesterol |
TF |
tissue factor |
TG |
triglycerides |
TLGS |
Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study |
TNF-α |
tumor necrosis factor-α |
USDA |
United States Department of Agriculture |
VFM |
visceral fat mass |
WB |
white bread |
WC |
waist circumference |
WHtR |
waist-to-height ratio |