Table 8.
Summary of chronic clinical trials and their characteristics in the context of dried fruit consumption.
| First Author (Year) [Reference] | N° of Subjects (M/F) Type of Subject (Age in Years) | Study Design (Length of the Intervention) | Control Group | Intervention Group(s) | Glucose and Insulin Metabolism Outcomes | Other Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Puglisi, M.J.; et al. (2008) [115] | 34 (17/17 PM) Healthy (range: 50–70) |
Raisin Parallel (6 weeks) |
Walk (increase in the steps taken per day) | 150 g/day of raisins. Walk + 150 g/day of raisins |
Changes in FBG and insulin values did not differ among intervention groups or from baseline. Plasma TNF-α decreased in the raisin group but no differences were reported between groups. | Plasma TC and LDL-C decreased in all the intervention groups. |
| Rankin, J.W.; et al. (2008) [116] | 17 (8/9) Ow (26.5 ± 7.6) |
Raisin Crossover (2 weeks per period) |
Jelly candy (264 Kcal/day) | 90 g/day raisins (264 Kcal/day) | NS changes in FBG or markers of inflammation or endothelial dysfunction after the raisin intervention. | Fasting protein-free ORAC was modestly higher after the raisin intervention than the jelly candy intervention. |
| Howarth, L.; et al. (2010) [117] | 26 women Ow/Ob (range: 25–54) |
Dried plums Crossover (2 weeks per period) |
Low-fat cookies (200 Kcal/day) | Dried plums (200 Kcal/day) | No changes were found in plasma glucose or insulin levels in any intervention. | Plasma TG concentration was unchanged by dried plum consumption and was higher after the consumption of low-fat cookies. Incorporation of dried plums or low-fat cookies into the diet did not alter energy intake or BW. |
| Anderson, J.W.; et al. (2014) [120] | 46 (21/25) Ow/Ob with Pre-D or at T2D risk. (snack (mean: 61.1), raisins (mean: 60.3)) |
Raisins Parallel (12 weeks) |
Snacks (300 Kcal/day) | 84 g/day of raisins (270 Kcal/day) | Fasting HbA1c levels were significantly reduced after raisin intake, whereas FBG and insulin levels were not significantly affected by the intake of raisins or snacks. Postprandial glucose levels were significantly reduced by raisin intake vs. snacks. | Raisin intake was associated with reductions in SBP and DBP. BW did not significantly change within or between groups. |
| Kanellos, P.T.; et al. (2014) [118] | 48 (25/23) T2D (raisins (63.7 ± 6.3), control (63 ± 8.5)) |
Corinthian raisins Parallel (24 weeks) |
Usual diet avoiding grapes and raisins | 36 g/day of Corinthian raisins | BW, glycaemic control, and lipid profile were not changed in either arm of the intervention. Patients in the CR arm reduced their DBP and increased their total antioxidant potential compared with baseline values and the control group. | No change in CRP was observed. A significant difference in plasma circulating p-hydroxybenzoic acid was observed between groups at the end of the trial. |
| Bays, H.; et al. (2015) [119] | 46 (19/27) T2D (mean: 58) |
Dark raisins Parallel (12 weeks) |
Snack group (300 Kcal/day) | 84 g/day of dark raisins group (270 Kcal/day) | Compared to the snack group, those who consumed raisins reduced their postprandial glucose levels, and an NS trend to a reduction in fasting glucose and HbA1c. NS changes in BW, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR or lipid profile between intervention groups. | Compared to alternative processed snacks, those who consumed raisins had a significant reduction in SBP but not a significant reduction in DBP. |
Age is shown as mean ± SD unless otherwise stated. BW, body weight; CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; M/F, male/female; NS, non-significant; Ob, obese; ORAC, oxygen radical absorbance capacity; Ow, overweight; pre-D, pre-diabetes; PM, postmenopausal women; SBP, systolic blood pressure; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.