Table 3.

Anti-genotoxicity (combined treatment) of epicarp and mesocarp of two varieties of C. pepo and its active compounds (lutein, β-carotene, zeaxanthin and dehydroascorbic acid) in the Drosophila Wing Spot Test.

Clones Per Wing (Number of Spots) 1
Compounds	N	Small Spots (1–2 Cells) m = 2	Large Spots (>2 Cells) m = 5	Twin Spots m = 5	Total Spots m = 2	Mann-Whitney Test 3
Negative Control (H2O)	40	0.08 (3) 2	0.00 (0)	0.05 (2)	0.13 (5)
Positive Control (H2O2 120 mM)	40	0.38 (15)	0.13 (5)	0.03 (1)	0.52 (21)	*
Epicarp
Yellow (mg/mL)
0.25	16	0.13 (5)	0.00 (0)	0.00 (0)	0.13 (5)	n.s.
8	40	0.15 (6)	0.03 (1)	0.00 (0)	0.18 (7)	n.s.
Light Green (mg/mL)
0.25	40	0.13 (5)	0.05 (2)	0.03 (1)	0.20 (8)	n.s.
8	40	0.05 (2)	0.03 (1)	0.03 (1)	0.10 (4)	n.s.
Mesocarp
Yellow (mg/mL)
0.25	18	0.00 (0)	0.00 (0)	0.00 (0)	0.00 (0)	n.s.
8	40	0.38 (15)	0.00 (0)	0.03 (1)	0.40 (16)	n.s.
Light Green (mg/mL)
0.25	40	0.05 (2)	0.03 (1)	0.00 (0)	0.08 (3)	n.s.
8	40	0.05 (2)	0.00 (0)	0.00 (0)	0.05 (2)	n.s.
Single Compounds
Lutein (μM)
0.039	32	0.06 (2)	0.06 (2)	0.00 (0)	0.13 (4)	n.s.
0.615	32	0.25 (8)	0.16 (5)	0.06 (2)	0.47 (15)	*
β-carotene (μM)
0.0003	12	0.00 (0)	0.00 (0)	0.00 (0)	0.00 (0)	n.s.
0.0689	38	0.08 (3)	0.03 (1)	0.00 (0)	0.11 (4)	n.s.
Zeaxanthin (μM)
0.0001	40	0.03 (1)	0.00 (0)	0.03 (1)	0.05 (2)	n.s.
0.105	30	0.07 (2)	0.00 (0)	0.00 (0)	0.07 (2)	n.s.
DHA (mM)
0.003	40	0.08 (3)	0.00 (0)	0.00 (0)	0.08 (3)	n.s.
0.107	40	0.10 (4)	0.03 (1)	0.00 (0)	0.13 (5)	n.s.

¹ Statistical diagnosis by Frei and Würgler [36]. N: number of wings; ² Number of clones or spots per wing; ³ The inconclusive and positive results were resolved using the non-parametric U-Test Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon. n.s.: non-significant; *: significant (p ≤ 0.05). m: multiplication factor.