Table 1.

Various clinical conditions associated with DIC and their pathogenesis.

	Clinical condition	Pathogenetic trigger
1	Sepsis and severe infections – gram positive and negative bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites	Exotoxins and endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides)
2	Crush injuries and sever trauma	Phospholipids and fats from damaged tissues; fat embolism
3	Head injury	Phospholipids and fats from damaged tissues
4	Acute severe pancreatitis	Cytokines and severe inflammatory response
5	Solid tumors – pancreatic and prostate carcinoma	Cancer procoagulant
6	Hematological malignancies	Tissue factor; cytokines
7	Transfusion related hemolytic reactions – ABO and Rh incompatibility	Widespread endothelial damage
8	Obstetrical complications – placental abruption, amniotic fluid embolism, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, RPOC, septic abortion, fetal demise	Leakage of procoagulant substances from placenta and amniotic fluid; widespread endothelial damage
9	Vascular malformation – giant hemangiomas, aneurysms	Localized activation of platelet aggregation and coagulation; can become widespread
10	Snake bites	Hemorrhagic metalloproteinases; thrombin-like enzymes; factor X and prothrombin activators [53]
11	Heat stroke, hyperthermia, and burns	Tissue factor; protein alteration with temperature changes
12	Acute fulminant hepatic failure	Accelerated platelet and coagulation activation; decreased pro- and anticoagulant synthesis complicates DIC
13	Drugs – allergic reactions and overdoses such as amphetamines	Severe inflammatory or immunological response; tissue necrosis and rhabdomyolysis in case of amphetamines
14	Purpura fulminans	Acute DIC and hemorrhagic cutaneous necrosis

Abbreviations: HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) RPOC (retained products of contraception), DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation).