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Role of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family in neural induction. During late gastrulation, the neural tube is specified within ectoderm at the expense of epidermis. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and nodal antagonists are secreted by the dorsal mesoderm (organizer) to allow for neural differentiation. BMP, nodal, and their cofactors are secreted from the ventral center to specify prospective epidermis.
