Table 2.
Clinical and functional characteristics of geriatric inpatients with frailty (FR) as compared to inpatients without frailty (NF)
| Variable | Whole group (N=80) Mean ± SD |
FR (n=32) Mean ± SD |
NF (n=48) Mean ± SD |
FR versus NF P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 78.6±7.0 | 80.0±6.9 | 77.7±7.0 | 0.164 |
| Sex, percentage of females | 68.8 | 71.9 | 66.7 | 0.625 |
| Number of medications used | 6.71±3.30 | 7.75±3.37 | 6.02±3.09 | 0.037 |
| Body mass, kg | 71.4±14.0 | 70.6±14.8 | 71.8±13.6 | 0.773 |
| Growth, m | 1.59±0.09 | 1.59±0.08 | 1.60±0.09 | 0.926 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.8±4.8 | 27.6±4.8 | 28.0±4.9 | 0.903 |
| Waist, cm | 98.3±12.8 | 99.9±13.9 | 97.3±12.1 | 0.467 |
| Waist–hip ratio | 0.9±0.1 | 0.9±0.1 | 0.9±0.1 | 0.449 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 132.6±18.5 | 134.1±19.2 | 131.7±18.1 | 0.547 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76.5±10.2 | 76.87±11.34 | 76.25±9.54 | 0.849 |
| Mini-Mental State Examination score | 25.5±4.1 | 24.3±4.0 | 26.3±4.0 | 0.014 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale | 5.6±2.5 | 6.7±2.7 | 4.8±2.1 | 0.002 |
| Barthel Index | 79.9±19.0 | 68.9±20.4 | 87.3±14.0 | <0.001 |
| Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale | 19.7±5.9 | 16.4±5.6 | 21.8±5.1 | <0.001 |
| Modified timed up and go test, points | 5.6±2.3 | 4.7±1.9 | 6.2±2.3 | 0.004 |
| Visual Analog Scale, points | 3.8±3.1 | 4.4±3.4 | 3.4±3.0 | 0.280 |
| Red blood cells, T/L | 4.3±0.6 | 4.1±0.8 | 4.4±0.5 | 0.036 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.0±1.8 | 12.5±2.1 | 13.4±1.5 | 0.027 |
| Hematocrit, % | 38.3±4.9 | 36.9±5.8 | 39.2±3.9 | 0.100 |
| Lymphocytes, G/L | 1.7±0.7 | 1.4±0.4 | 1.8±0.8 | 0.006 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 6.9±7.3 | 8.9±11.1 | 5.5±1.7 | 0.350 |
| Albumin, g/L | 39.1±4.8 | 37.8±5.6 | 39.9±4.0 | 0.036 |
| Vitamin B12, pmol/L | 378.1±261.3 | 415.0±374.1 | 352.9±140.9 | 0.770 |
| Vitamin D, ng/mL | 14.9±8.7 | 13.1±9.8 | 16.2±7.6 | 0.025 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 183.6±47.7 | 168.9±38.3 | 193.3±51.1 | 0.036 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 58.1±18.7 | 51.9±17.9 | 62.2±18.2 | 0.004 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 104.0±42.6 | 92.6±32.3 | 111.6±47.1 | 0.162 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 100.8±35.6 | 105.7±36.9 | 97.5±34.7 | 0.270 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.59±0.32 | 0.58±0.33 | 0.59±0.31 | 0.685 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 140.7±3.4 | 140.1±3.3 | 141.1±3.5 | 0.062 |
| Insulin, µIU/mL | 12.4±12.3 | 14.1±7.5 | 11.2±7.1 | 0.988 |
| Cortisol, ng/mL | 166.8±230.9 | 141.3±59.8 | 183.9±294.1 | 0.420 |
Abbreviations: HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SD, standard deviation