Table 1. Detailed characteristics of studies included in review.
| Author | Title of Study | Pub Date | Journal | Study Year | Type of Study | Country | TB Incidence 2015 | # of CCs identified <5 yrs | # of CCs screened <5 yrs | % Screened | # of CCs <5 yrs eligible for IPT | % Eligible | # of CCs initia-ting treat-ment <5yrs | % Initiated | # of CCs com-pleting treat-ment <5 yrs | % Completed3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFRICA | ||||||||||||||||
| Arscott-Mills, T | Survey of health care worker knowledge about childhood tuberculosis in high-burden centers in Botswana | 2017 | IJTLD | 2012 | Qualitative | Botswana | 356 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Assefa, D | Cross sectional study evaluating routine contact investigation in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A missed opportunity to prevent tuberculosis in children | 2015 | PLoS One | 2013 | Mixed methods | Ethiopia | 192 | 230 | 78 | 33.9% | 76 | 97.4% | 3 | 3.9% | N/R | N/R |
| Chabala, C | Missed opportunities for screening child contacts of smear-positive TB in Zambia, a high-prevalence setting | 2017 | IJTLD | 2013 | Quantitative | Zambia | 391 | 273 | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R |
| Claessens, NJM | Screening childhood contacts of patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi | 2002 | IJTLD | 2001 | Quantitative | Malawi | 193 | 365 | 33 | 9.0% | 27 | 81.8% | 23 | 85.2% | N/R | N/R |
| Egere, | Isoniazid preventive treatment among child contacts of adults with smear-positive tuberculosis in The Gambia | 2016 | PHA | 2013–2015 | Quantitative | Gambia | 174 | 404 | 404 | 100.0% | 368 | 91.1% | 328 | 89.1% | 310 | 94.5% |
| Garie, KT | Lack of adherence to isoniazid chemoprophylaxis in children in contact with adults with tuberculosis in Southern Ethiopia | 2011 | PLoS One | 2007–2009 | Quantitative | Ethiopia | 192 | 82 | 82 | N/R4 | 82 | 100.0% | 82 | 100.0% | 10 | 12.2% |
| Gomes, VF | Adherence to isoniazid preventive therapy in children exposed to tuberculosis: a prospective study from Guinea-Bissau | 2011 | IJTLD | 2005–2007 | Quantitative | Guinea-Bissau | 373 | N/R1 | 736 | N/R | N/R | N/R | 609 | 82.7%2 | N/R | N/R |
| Marais, BJ | Adherence to isoniazid preventive chemotherapy: a prospective community based study | 2006 | Arch Dis Child | 2003–2005 | Quantitative | South Africa | 834 | 274 | 2295 | 83.6% | N/R | N/R | 180 | N/R | 36 | 20.0% |
| Nyirenda, M | Poor attendance at a child TB contact clinic in Malawi | 2006 | IJTLD | 2003–2005 | Quantitative | Malawi | 193 | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R |
| Osman, M | Routine programmatic delivery of isoniazid preventive therapy to children in Cape Town, South Africa | 2013 | PHA | 2010 | Quantitative | South Africa | 834 | 525 | 244 | 46.5% | N/R | N/R | 141 | 57.8%2 | 19 | 13.5% |
| Ramos, JM | Screening for tuberculosis in family and household contacts in rural area in Ethiopia over a 20-month period | 2013 | IJMyco | 2011–2012 | Quantitative | Ethiopia | 192 | N/R | 34 | N/R | N/R | N/R | 22 | 64.7%2 | N/R | N/R |
| Skinner, D | Pasting together the preventive therapy puzzle | 2013 | IJTLD | 2012 | Quantitative | South Africa | 834 | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R |
| Skinner, D | It’s hard work, but it’s worth it: the task of keeping children adherent to isoniazid preventive therapy | 2013 | PHA | 2011 | Qualitative | South Africa | 834 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Szkwarko, D | Implementing a tuberculosis child contact register to quantify children at risk for tuberculosis and HIV in Eldoret, Kenya | 2013 | PHA | 2011 | Quantitative | Kenya | 233 | 101 | N/R | N/R | 87 | N/R | 2 | 2.3% | N/R | N/R |
| Tadesse, Y | Uptake of isoniazid preventive therapy among under-five children: TB contact investigation as an entry point | 2016 | PLoS One | 2013–2014 | Quantitative | Ethiopia | 192 | 282 | 237 | 84.0% | 221 | 93.2% | 142 | 64.3% | 114 | 80.3% |
| Thind, D | An evaluation of Robolola | 2012 | IJTLD | 2009 | Quantitative | South Africa | 834 | 552 | 361 | 87.8%6 | 327 | N/R | 286 | 87.5% | N/R | N/R |
| van Soelen, N | Does an isoniazid prophylaxis register improve tuberculosis contact management in South African children? | 2013 | PLoS One | 2008 vs. 2011 | Quantitative | South Africa | 834 | pre-IPT reg: N/R; post-IPT reg: N/R | pre-reg 24; post-reg 39+15 additional entered into IPT reg | pre-reg N/R; post-reg N/R | N/R | N/R | pre-reg 4; post-reg 54 | pre-reg 16.7%2; post-reg N/R | pre-reg N/R; post-reg 20 | pre-reg N/R; post-reg 37.0% |
| Van Wyk, SS | Recording isoniazid preventive therapy delivery to children: operational challenges | 2010 | IJTLD | 2008 | Quantitative | South Africa | 834 | 24 | 5 | N/R7 | N/R | N/R | 4 | N/R7 | N/R | N/R |
| Van Wyk, SS | Operational challenges in managing isoniazid preventive therapy in child contacts: a high-burden setting perspective | 2011 | BMC-PH | 2008 | Quantitative | South Africa | 834 | 149 | 4 | 2.7% | 1498 | N/R | 2 | 1.3% | 0 | 0.0% |
| Van Wyk, SS | TB contact investigation in a high-burden setting: house or household? | 2012 | IJTLD | 2008 | Quantitative | South Africa | 834 | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R |
| van Zyl, S | Adherence to anti-tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis and treatment in children | 2006 | IJTLD | 1996–2003 | Quantitative | South Africa | 834 | 326 | 301 | 92.3% | 181 | 60.1% | 172 | 95.0% | 29 | 27.6% |
| Zachariah, R | Passive versus active tuberculosis case finding and isoniazid preventive therapy among household contacts in rural district of Malawi | 2003 | IJTLD | 2001–2002 | Quantitative | Malawi | 193 | passive: 1261; active: 113 | passive: 0; active: 44 | passive 0%; active 39% | N/R | N/R | passive: 229; active: 25 | passive 17.5%2; active 22.1% | N/R | N/R |
| SOUTH EAST ASIA | ||||||||||||||||
| Amanullah, F | Unmasking childhood tuberculosis in Pakistan: efforts to improve detection and management | 2015 | IJTLD | 2008 | Quantitative | Pakistan | 270 | N/R | 256 | N/R | N/R | N/R | 184 | 71.9%2 | 60 | 32.6% |
| Banu Rekha, VV | Contact screening and chemoprophylaxis in India’s Revised Tuberculosis Control Programme: a situational analysis | 2009 | IJTLD | 2008 | Mixed methods | India | 217 | N/R1 | 84 | N/R | 84 | 100.0% | 16 | 19.0% | N/R | N/R |
| Coprada, L | A review of TB contact investigations in the poor urban areas of Manila, The Philippines | 2016 | PHA | 2012 | Mixed methods | Philippines | 322 | 1227 | 816 | 66.5% | 202 | 24.8% | 200 | 99.0% | 180 | 90.0% |
| Hall, C | Challenges to delivery of isoniazid preventive therapy in a cohort of children exposed to tuberculosis in Timor-Leste | 2015 | TM & IH | 2013–2014 | Quantitative | Timor-Leste | 498 | 255 | 66 | 25.9% | N/R | N/R | 46 | 69.7%2 | N/R | N/R |
| Pothukuchi, M | Tuberculosis contact screening and isoniazid preventive therapy in a south Indian district: Operational issues for programmatic consideration | 2011 | PLoS One | 2008 | Quantitative | India | 217 | 1721 | 116 | 67.4% | 116 | 100.0% | 97 | 83.6% | N/R | N/R |
| Rekha, B | Improving screening and chemoprophylaxis among child contacts in India’s RNTCP: a pilot study | 2013 | IJTLD | 2009–2011 | Mixed methods | India | 217 | 871 | 53 | 60.9% | 53 | 100.0% | 53 | 100.0% | 39 | 73.6% |
| Rutherford, M | Adherence to isoniazid preventive therapy in Indonesian children: A quantitative and qualitative investigation | 2012 | BMC—Res Notes | 2009–2010 | Mixed methods | Indonesia | 395 | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | 82 | N/R | 21 | 25.6% |
| Rutherford, M | Management of children exposed to Mycombacterium tuberculosis a public health evaluation in West Java Indonesia | 2013 | Bull of the WHO | 2009–2012 | Mixed methods | Indonesia | 395 | N/R | N/R | N/R | cohort 1: 15; cohort 2: N/A | N/R | cohort 1: 6; cohort 2: 82 | cohort 1: 40%; cohort 2: N/A | cohort 2: 21 | cohort 2: 25.6% |
| Shivaramakrishna, HR | Isoniazid preventive treatment in children in two districts of South India: does practice follow policy? | 2014 | IJTLD | 2012 | Quantitative | India | 217 | 2711 | 218 | 80.4% | 209 | 95.9% | 70 | 33.5% | 16 | 22.9% |
| Singh, AR | Isoniazid Preventive therapy among children living with tuberculosis patients: Is it working? A mixed-method study from Bhopal, India | 2016 | J of Trop Peds | 2015 | Mixed methods | India | 217 | 591 | 51 | 86.4% | 50 | 98.0% | 11 | 22.0% | 10 | 90.9% |
| Thanh, THT | A household survey on screening practices of household contacts of smear positive tuberculosis patients in Vietnam | 2014 | BMC-PH | 2010 | Quantitative | Vietnam | 137 | 293 | 16 | 5.5% | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R |
| Tornee, S | Factors associated with the household contact screening adherence of tuberculosis patients | 2005 | SE Asian J Trop Med PH | 2003 | Mixed methods | Thailand | 172 | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R |
| Triasih, R | A prospective evaluation of the symptom-based screening approach to the management of children who are contacts of tuberculosis cases | 2015 | CID | 2010–2012 | Quantitative | Indonesia | 395 | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | N/R | 99 | N/R | N/R | 50.0% |
| Triasih, R | A mixed-methods evaluation of adherence to preventive treatment among child tuberculosis contacts in Indonesia | 2016 | IJTLD | 2010–2012 | Mixed methods | Indonesia | 395 | N/R | N/R | N/R | 99 | N/R | 86 | 86.9% | 50 | 58.1% |
| THE AMERICAS | ||||||||||||||||
| Chiang, SS | Barriers to the treatment of childhood TB infection and TB disease: a qualitative study | 2017 | IJTLD | 2012 | Qualitative | Peru | 119 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
CCs = Child Contacts, N/A = not applicable, NR = not reported, IJTLD = International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Arch Dis Child = Archives of Disease in Childhood, PHA = Public Health Action, IJMyco = International Journal of Mycobacteriology, Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health = The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, CID = Clinical Infectious Diseases, Reg = register.
1Child contacts < 6 years of age.
2When IPT eligibility was not available, IPT initiation was calculated using the number screened as the denominator.
3Completion defined as 4 or more months of IPT.
4All child contacts identified were screened as part of the study.
5Full screening in this study included TST and chest x-ray.
6411 used as denominator as 16 child contacts were on TB treatment and 125 were already on PT out of the 552.
7Only 5 child folders were found so number of child contacts screened is unknown.
8Communication with co-author confirmed that there was no evidence of active TB diagnosis in 149 child contacts identified during retrospective review.
922 child contacts were initiated on IPT by ward nurses without recommended screening.