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Diagrammatic representation of direct interaction between sporozoites and hepatocytes. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are shown as branched structures on the hepatocyte membrane, protruding through the open fenestrae of the endothelial cells into the sinusoidal lumen. Sporozoites, shown as black half-moon structures, are captured by these HSPGs and then invade hepatocytes.
