Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Healthy Control Subjects | Heart Failure Patients | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 63 ± 8 | 60 ± 6 | 0.37 |
| Sex, men/women | 7/2 | 7/2 | 0.99 |
| Height, cm | 176 ± 10 | 176 ± 10 | 0.97 |
| Weight, kg | 80 ± 12 | 98 ± 9 | <0.01 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26 ± 3 | 32 ± 4 | <0.01 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 0.02 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, % | 27 ± 6 | ||
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 1.1 ± 0.2 | ||
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate, ml·min−1·1.73 m−2 | 70 ± 20 | ||
| Etiology (ischemic/idiopathic) | 5/4 | ||
| New York Heart Association class, I/II/III | 3/3/3 | ||
| Weber-Janicki (peak V̇o2) | |||
| A, >20 ml·kg−1·min−1 | 2 | ||
| B, 16−20 ml·kg−1·min−1 | 4 | ||
| C, 10−16 ml·kg−1·min−1 | 3 | ||
| CPET | |||
| Peak V̇o2, l/min | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 0.3 | 0.13 |
| Peak V̇o2, %predicted | 101 ± 26 | 84 ± 13 | 0.11 |
| Peak V̇o2, ml·kg−1·min−1 | 27 ± 5 | 18 ± 3 | <0.01 |
| V̇o2 at AT, l/min | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.81 |
| V̇o2 at 65% PW, l/min | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 0.62 |
| % of AT | 88 ± 26 | 89 ± 9 | 0.41 |
| PW, W | 187 ± 53 | 120 ± 35 | <0.01 |
| 65%, W | 115 ± 39 | 78 ± 24 | <0.01 |
| Pulmonary function | |||
| FVC, %predicted | 103 ± 12 | 89 ± 7 | <0.01 |
| FEV1, %predicted | 98 ± 9 | 88 ± 11 | 0.03 |
| FEV1/FVC, %predicted | 95 ± 7 | 98 ± 7 | 0.68 |
| FEF25−75, %predicted | 86 ± 25 | 89 ± 23 | 0.96 |
| Medications, n (%) | |||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | 6 (67) | ||
| ANG II receptor blockers | 3 (33) | ||
| β-Blocker | 9 (100) | ||
| Nitrate (oral, SL, or topical) | 4 (44) | ||
| Statin | 3 (33) | ||
| Aspirin | 5 (56) | ||
| Diuretics | 6 (67) |
Continuous data are expressed as means ± SD. CPET, cardiopulmonary exercise test study on visit 1; V̇o2, pulmonary O2 uptake from CPET on study visit 1; V̇o2 at AT, pulmonary V̇o2 at anaerobic threshold from CPET on study visit 1; PW, peak workload; V̇o2 at 65% PW, pulmonary V̇o2 at 65% of peak workload from CPET on study visit 1; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FEF25−75, forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC.