Table 3.

Single-exponential phase II on-transient pulmonary V̇o₂ kinetics parameter responses for both heart failure patients and age-matched healthy control subjects

	Healthy Control Subjects			Heart Failure Patients
Parameter	PLB	FNT	ES	PLB	FNT	ES	P Value
YB, l/min	0.3 ± 0.0	0.3 ± 0.1	0.00	0.4 ± 0.0	0.4 ± 0.1	0.00	0.12
Model 1
A1, l/min	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.5	0.00	1.1 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3	0.00	0.56
A1 g, ml·min−1·W−1	11 ± 1	11 ± 1	0.00	14 ± 6	13 ± 4	0.27	0.07
τ1, s	46 ± 5c	51 ± 8c	1.00	62 ± 12a	57 ± 12	0.66	0.06
TD1, s	13 ± 4c	9 ± 5d	1.33	5 ± 7	8 ± 13c	0.35	0.30
Model 2
A1, l/min	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.5	0.00	1.1 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3	0.00	0.59
A1 g, ml·min−1·W−1	11 ± 1	11 ± 1	0.00	14 ± 5	13 ± 4	0.33	0.07
τ1, s	41 ± 5	42 ± 12	0.12	60 ± 13a	50 ± 14a,e	1.16	<0.01
TD1, s	−1 ± 5e	−3 ± 5e	0.63	−4 ± 11	−10 ± 11	0.86	0.76
Model 3
A1, l/min	1.3 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.5	0.00	1.1 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3	0.00	0.61
A1 g, ml·min−1·W−1	11 ± 1	11 ± 1	0.00	14 ± 4	13 ± 4	0.40	0.08
τ1, s	39 ± 6	43 ± 11	0.70	57 ± 14a	45 ± 11b,e	1.43	<0.01
TD1, s	−8 ± 6	−13 ± 6	1.32	−3 ± 15	−5 ± 10	0.22	0.18

Data are expressed as means ± SD. Models 1−3 are single-exponential functions demonstrating phase II on-transient pulmonary V̇o₂ kinetics parameters reflecting phase I period durations set at 15, 25, and 35 s, respectively. ES, effect size (Cohen’s d) between condition within group, interpreted as follows: 0.0, trivial; 0.2, small; 0.5, moderate; and ≥0.8, large. Y_B, resting pulmonary V̇o₂; A₁, steady-state increase in pulmonary V̇o₂ above rest; A_{1 g}, functional gain; τ₁, time constant; TD₁, time delay. P values reflect an overall group-by-condition effect for the respective on-kinetics parameters for models 1−3.

^aP < 0.05, between group per experimental arm, following Tukey post hoc testing.

^bP < 0.05, PLB vs. FNT within the heart failure group, following Tukey post hoc testing.

^cP < 0.05, within group, model 1 vs. models 2 and 3, following Tukey post hoc testing.

^dP < 0.05, within group, model 1 vs. model 3, following Tukey post hoc testing.

^eP < 0.05, within group, model 2 vs. model 3, following Tukey post hoc testing.