TABLE 2.

Autobiographical Memory Performance at Baseline and Follow-Up in a Trial of Real-Time fMRI Amygdala Neurofeedback for Major Depressive Disorder

Memory Typea	Percent of Memories
	Experimental Group				Control Group
	Baseline		Follow-up		Baseline		Follow-Up
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Specific	52.5	13.1	69.5b	10.0	54.8	16.9	52.1c	14.7
Positive	33.1	10.8	46.8b	12.7	34.1	11.1	33.3c	13.1
Negative	19.4	8.9	22.7	8.6	20.7	9.2	18.8	8.9
Categorical	22.5	10.0	14.0b	8.6	21.2	7.9	26.0c	14.2
Positive	11.7	7.2	3.7b	6.7	11.8	9.0	14.4c	8.6
Negative	10.8	8.7	10.4	8.4	10.4	7.4	11.6	6.9
Extended	13.3	9.1	6.0b	4.2	14.1	10.7	10.7c	7.1
Positive	4.6	5.8	1.6b	2.7	5.1	6.0	3.4c	2.8
Negative	8.7	7.4	4.4b	4.6	9.0	7.6	6.4	4.8
Semantic	7.8	4.1	6.0	8.0	7.4	7.8	8.9	7.2
Positive	4.6	4.5	4.0	6.2	3.7	4.6	5.9	6.4
Negative	3.2	4.2	1.9	3.7	3.7	4.3	3.0	4.0
None	3.9	4.6	4.5	5.2	2.5	2.3	2.3	3.7

^aA specific memory was defined as memory for a single event that took place at an identified place and did not last longer than 1 day. A categorical memory was defined as a memory referring to a category of events containing a number of specific episodes, without reference to one specific event. An extended memory was defined as a memory that referred to an extended period of time without reference to a specific event within the time period. A semantic memory was defined as a statement of fact without an associated event. These are the standard memory type definitions (26). It is a consistently replicated finding that individuals with depression recall fewer specific and more categorical autobiographical memories compared with healthy individuals (26) and that this cognitive deficit persists despite remission of symptoms (28).

^bSignificant difference from baseline, p<0.05.

^cSignificant difference from the experimental group, p<0.05.