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. 2017 Aug 1;7:7004. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06358-x

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Growth and differentiation of printed oMSCs. (a,b) Image of a z-stack 3D reconstruction of live/dead-stained printed oMSCs: (a) immediately after printing and; (b) after 10 days in culture with the TGF-β3 supplement. (Scale bars = 250 μm). (c) Graph of oMSC viabilities (including standard error of the mean) for five printed constructs immediately after transfer to culture medium. Viabilities were determined by using automated object counting, values of which were used either unmodified or resolved with respect to mean cell size. (d) Confocal fluorescence micrograph of immunocytochemistry performed on a printed oMSC construct after 3 days of culture with a TGF-β3 supplement: SOX-9 (orange); nuclei (DAPI, blue); cytoplasm of live cells (CAM, calcein-AM, green). (Scale bar = 50 μm). (e) High-magnification micrograph of immunohistochemistry performed on a printed oMSC construct after 35 days of culture with TGF-β3 supplement; type II collagen (diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB), brown); nuclei (hematoxylin QS, blue). (Scale bar = 25 μm). (f) Digital PCR measurements of SOX-9 mRNA expression in printed oMSC constructs (n = 22) and oMSC pellet cultures (n = 24) after 7 days in chondrogenic medium with or without supplementation of TGF-β3. Each printed and pellet sample was replicated 4 to 6 times from four oMSCs sources, each extracted from a different sheep. SOX-9 expression was normalised to an endogenous β-actin control. Error bars represent standard deviations. Differences were tested by using a paired t-test, with two-tailed p values < 0.05 considered significant.