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. 2017 Aug 1;7:7046. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07335-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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CB0313.1 upregulates butyrate production by buk and butyryl-CoA genes accompanied by an increase in the SCFA receptor in HF diabetic mice. (a) SCFA concentration in feces measured by GC-MS. Total DNA was extracted from feces and real-time PCR was performed. (b) Predominant butyrate producing genes: abundance of butyrate kinase (buk) and butyryl-CoA DNA in feces. (c) Relative mRNA expression of SCFA receptors (Ffar2, Ffar3) in colon. Data are mean ± SEM (n = 3–12 mice per group). ^#, ^##, ^### p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001 vs HF diabetic control by one-way ANOVA followed by the indicated post hoc test. *^, **^, ***p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001 vs HF diabetic control by t-test. HF diabetic: high fat diet and streptozotocin, HF diabetic CB: high fat diet and streptozotocin plus CB0313.1, HF diabetic NaB: high fat diet and streptozotocin plus NaB, ND: Normal diet.