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. 2017 Aug 1;7:7057. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06400-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Determination of the target sites within SlGADs’ C-terminal regions. (a) Multiple sequence alignment of the C-terminal region of 10 plant GADs. The C-terminal of MdGAD1-3, AtGAD1, PhGAD, OsGAD1-2, SlGAD1-3 from Malus domestica (apple), Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa (rice), and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), respectively, which were obtained in a previous study, were compared. The conserved tryptophan (W) residue and lysine (K) clusters involved in CaM-binding^{19, 48} are indicated by an asterisk and a black line, respectively. The two glutamate (E) residues functioned as pseudo-substrates and are likely involved in autoinhibition in PhGAD⁴³ are indicated as black circle. Accession Numbers: MdGAD1, KC812242; MdGAD2, KC812243; MdGAD3, KC812244; AtGAD1, AY094464.1; AtGAD2, U49937.1; PhGAD, L16977; SlGAD1, AB359913; SlGAD2, AV359914.1; SlGAD3, AB359915.1; OsGAD1, AB056060; OsGAD2; AB056061. (b and c) GAD activity of SlGAD2ΔC30 and SlGAD2ΔC48, and SlGAD3Δ37, respectively, in in vitro assays. Crude extracts from Escherichia coli were used in GAD enzymatic assays and Ca²⁺ was not included in reaction buffers. SlGAD2 and SlGAD3 are full-length GADs, whereas SlGAD2ΔC30, SlGAD2ΔC48, and SlGAD3ΔC37 are truncated GADs at C-terminal positions 30, 48, and 37, respectively. Bars represent the standard deviation (n = 3) and asterisks indicate statistical differences in according to the Tukey-Kramer’s test between full-length GADs (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01).