Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the subjects.
| All | Men | Women | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| n | 1282 | 709 | 573 |
| Age (years) | 63.8 (13.9) | 63 (14.2) | 64.8 (13.4) |
| Alcohol consumption (g ethanol per day) | 18.8 (32) | 26.8 (36.8) | 9 (22.9) |
| Smoking habit (yes/no) | 327/955 | 219/490 | 108/465 |
| Brinkman index | 328 (549) | 328 (549) | 123 (300) |
| Habitual exercise (yes/no) | 781/501 | 440/269 | 341/232 |
| Exercise time (min/day) | 16 (45.9) | 18 (54) | 13.6 (33.2) |
| Locomotive regular exercise (MET-hours/week) | 20.5 (20.2) | 22.1 (22.9) | 18.3 (15.6) |
| History of cardiovascular disease | 174 | 111 | 63 |
| Stroke | 91 | 60 | 31 |
| Myocardial infarction | 92 | 56 | 36 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 10 | 8 | 2 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 11.7 (11) | 11.8 (11) | 11.6 (11.1) |
| Medication (yes/no) | 1093/189 | 609/100 | 484/89 |
| Anthropometric data | |||
| Height (cm) | 160.7 (9.6) | 167.1 (6.7) | 152.8 (6.2) |
| Weight (kg) | 66.2 (16.8) | 70.8 (17.1) | 60.5 (14.7) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.5 (5.4) | 25.2 (5.1) | 25.8 (5.8) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92 (13.7) | 92 (13.5) | 91.9 (14.1) |
| Handgrip strength (kg) | 24 (9.7) | 29.2 (8.7) | 17.5 (6.4) |
| Body composition (n = 122) | |||
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 25.3 (6.3) | 28.8 (5.7) | 21 (3.7) |
| Body fat mass (kg) | 24.2 (12.9) | 22.6 (13.1) | 26.1 (12.5) |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 32.5 (10.9) | 28.2 (9.5) | 37.7 (10.2) |
| Physiological and biochemical data | |||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 131.1 (19.8) | 132.6 (19.4) | 129.2 (20.2) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.6 (14.1) | 76.1 (13.7) | 70.4 (14.1) |
| Plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 159 (63.8) | 163 (65.7) | 154.1 (61.1) |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 (1.7) | 7.6 (1.8) | 7.4 (1.6) |
| Serum insulin (μU/mL) (n = 209) | 9.9 (8.3) | 9.6 (7.7) | 10.4 (9) |
| Serum C-peptide (ng/mL) (n = 553) | 2.5 (2) | 2.5 (1.9) | 2.6 (2.2) |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 72.9 (23.5) | 73.2 (23.4) | 72.5 (23.7) |
| Urinary albumin creatinine ratio (mg/gCr) | 146.9 (539.1) | 183 (667.6) | 98.7 (284.4) |
| Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (cm/s) | 1713.9 (407.6) | 1728.5 (405.7) | 1695.7 (409.7) |
| Augmentation index | 75.6 (13.1) | 72 (13.4) | 81.1 (10.7) |
Data are represented as the mean (SD) except for the number of subjects and sex. BMI: body mass index, HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.