Table 3.

Cox proportional hazard analysis for evaluating the associations of handgrip strength with all–cause mortality, CVD events, and hospitalization in patients with type 2 diabetes.

	All-cause mortality			CVD events			Hospitalization
	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Age (per 1 year increase)	0.983	0.930–1.039	0.54	1.079	1.005–1.158	0.036	1.015	1.005–1.025	0.004
Sex
Male	0.987	0.220–4.437	0.99	6.078	1.251–29.527	0.025	1.765	1.373–2.270	<0.001
Female	(ref)			(ref)			(ref)
BMI (per 1 unit increase in kg/m2)	0.821	0.717–0.939	0.04	1.181	1.048–1.331	0.006	1.029	1.009–1.049	0.004
Smoking (per 1 unit increase in Brinkman index)	1.001	1.001–1.002	<0.001	0.999	0.997–1.001	0.21	1.000	1.000–1.000	0.29
Alcohol consumption (per 1 g/day increase in ethanol consumption)	1.308	1.095–1.563	0.003	0.986	0.566–1.715	0.96	1.060	1.004–1.118	0.034
Medications
No medication	0.000	0.000	0.98	0.393	0.078–1.978	0.26	0.799	0.609–1.050	0.11
With medication	(ref)			(ref)			(ref)
Exercise time (per 1 min/day increase)	0.997	0953–1.010	0.7	1.006	0.998–1.015	0.14	0.998	0.996–1.000	0.12
Duration of diabetes (per 1 year increase)	1.018	0.975–1.063	0.42	1.033	0.989–1.079	0.15	1.002	0.994–1.011	0.59
eGFR (per 1 unit increase in mL/min/1.73 m2)	0.977	0.953–1.000	0.051	1.016	0.985–1.047	0.32	1.001	0.996–1.005	0.8
HbA1c (per 1% increase)	1.226	0.868–1.730	0.25	0.904	0.601–1.359	0.63	1.364	1.295–1.437	<0.001
Handgrip strength (per 1 kg increase)	0.926	0.865–1.003	0.058	0.899	0.819–0.987	0.025	0.964	0.951–0.977	<0.001

CVD: cardiovascular disease, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, ref: reference.