Table 5.

Cox proportional hazard analysis for evaluating the associations of handgrip strength with all–cause mortality, CVD events, and hospitalization in female patients with type 2 diabetes.

	All-cause mortality			CVD events			Hospitalization
	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Age (per 1 year increase)	1.010	0.907–1.125	0.86	1.055	0.951–1.171	0.31	1.016	1.001–1.031	0.04
BMI (per 1 unit increase in kg/m2)	0.771	0.565–1.051	0.1	1.158	0.954–1.406	0.14	1.036	1.009–1.064	0.01
Smoking (per 1 unit increase in Brinkman index)	1.002	1.001–1.004	0.001	1.000	0.996–1.005	0.96	1.001	1.000–1.001	0.002
Alcohol consumption (per 1 g/day increase in ethanol consumption)	1.109	0.452–2.724	0.82	0.959	0.380–2.422	0.93	1.069	0.952–1.199	0.26
Medications
No medication	0.000	0.000	0.98	21.781	2.020–234.835	0.011	1.149	0.740–1.785	0.54
With medication	(ref)			(ref)			(ref)
Exercise time (per 1 min/day increase)	1.007	0987–1.029	0.49	1.024	1.007–1.041	0.006	0.996	0.990–1.001	0.11
Duration of diabetes (per 1 year increase)	0.924	0.822–1.039	0.19	1.055	0.971–1.146	0.21	1.006	0.991–1.020	0.44
eGFR (per 1 unit increase in mL/min/1.73 m2)	0.944	0.886–1.005	0.073	1.030	0.982–1.080	0.22	0.998	0.990–1.005	0.51
HbA1c (per 1% increase)	1.139	0.538–2.413	0.73	0.691	0.298–1.604	0.39	1.448	1.330–1.575	<0.001
Handgrip strength (per 1 kg increase)	0.921	0.762–1.112	0.39	0.846	0.703–1.018	0.077	0.972	0.948–0.997	0.031

CVD: cardiovascular disease, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, ref: reference.