Table 3.

Quality assessment before–after studies

	Bumm et al.18	Dickinson et al.20	Freeman et al.25	Pawlik et al.22
Objective clearly stated	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Eligibility criteria specified	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Participants’ representative	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
All eligible participants enrolled	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sample size sufficiently large	NR	NR	NR	NR
Intervention clearly described	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Outcome measures specified	No	Yes	No	Yes
Assessors blinded	No	No	No	No
Follow-up	CD	CD	CD	NR
Statistical methods	NA	Yes	Yes	NA
Outcome measures taken multiple times before and after intervention	No	No	No	No
Statistical analysis for group to individual effect	NA	NA	NA	NA

CD could not determine, NR not reported, NA not applicable