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. 2017 Aug 1;7:7002. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07633-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Possible model of OA in regulation of MSC osteogenic differentiation. Inhibition of Notch signaling by OA in MSC culture stimulates osteogenic gene expression (ALP, Runx2, Collagen I) that may lead to enhanced MSC osteogenic differentiation in the early stage of osteoblast formation. OA works parallel with BMP signaling to accelerate MSC differentiation toward to osteoblasts.