Table 3.
Summary of neuropeptides and their role in homeostatic function
| Neuropeptide | Effect on Appetite | Receptors | Food Restriction | Refeeding | Sleep Deprivation | Normal Sleep | Physiological Stress | Migraineurs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leptin | Anorexigenic (reduces appetite) | ObR(a-f) leptin signaling through ObRb | ↓Leptin plasma levels | ↑Leptin secretion | ↓Leptin plasma levels | ↑Leptin plasma levels | Leptin ↓ glucocorticoid secretion | Lower serum leptin interictally |
| ↑Leptin binding in ARC | ||||||||
| Neuropeptide Y (NPY) | Orexigenic (increases appetite) | NPY Y(1–6), Only Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 physiologically relevant | ↑NPY mRNA in ARC | Normalizes NPY levels in ARC | ↑NPY hypothalamic mRNA levels | NPY promotes sleep | ↑NPY in the PVN | ND |
| ↑Secretion of NPY into PVN | ↑NPY in PVN | ↑ACTH and corticosterone release | ||||||
| Orexin (OX) A and B | Orexigenic | OX1R and OX2R | ↑Ox release hypothalamus | ↑Prepro-orexin mRNA in LH | ↑mRNA Ox levels in hypothalamic | Ox neurons stop firing during sleep | Orexin ↑ glucocorticoid secretion | Higher CSF OxA levels in CM/MOH |
| ↑OX1R VMH mRNA | ||||||||
| ↑OX2R ARC mRNA |
↑, Increase; ↓, decrease; ARC, hypothalamic arcuate nucleus; PVN, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; VMH, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus; CM, chronic migraine; MOH, medication overuse headache; ND, no data.