Figure 14.

Scheme showing actions of polyunsaturated fatty acid and their anti-inflammatory products: lipoxins (LXs), resolvins, protectins, and maresins on various factors that have a role in the pathobiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). (−) indicates inhibition of action or negative control. (+) indicates increase in action or synthesis or positive control. Exercise enhances the formation and action of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), LXs, resolvins, protectins, and maresins and suppress inflammation and reduces insulin resistance. BDNF, LXs, resolvins, protectins and maresins suppress inflammation, reduce insulin resistance, and protect pancreatic β cells from the cytotoxic action various endogenous and exogenous cytotoxic molecules/agents. Alloxan, streptozotocin, and high-fat diet suppress the activities of desaturases and reduce the formation of LXs, resolvins, protectins, and maresins and their precursors and the formation and action of BDNF (for details see text).