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. 2017 Aug 2;8:182. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00182

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Copyright © 2017 Das.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Multiple-injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is effective in preventing type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM). LPS administration suppresses spleen T lymphocyte proliferation, increases the generation of T regulatory, reduces the synthesis of T-helper 1 pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], and downregulates toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and its downstream MyD88-dependent signaling pathway and enhances IL-4 and IL-10 and antioxidant defenses. Multiple injections of LPS induce tolerogenic dendritic cell (DC) subset with low TLR-4 expression and, thus, prevent development of type 1 DM in non-obese diabetic mice [see text and Wang et al. (47)].