Fig. 3.

Neurons of HVC and PAm chains are simulated with 2-compartment models (left). The ionic conductances in the soma are based on the model of Daou et al. (2013). The dendrite model is simpler, and allows for the generation of Ca²⁺ spikes that drive bursting in the soma. The 2-compartment bursting models are capable of propagating a robust timing signal, where each neuron fires an invariant number of action potentials (bottom left). All other neurons are represented by single-compartment models (right). These neurons fire tonic action potentials in response to synaptic input or current injection (bottom right).