Fig. 3.

Selective responses of HVC_X projection neurons in awake and freely behaving birds are evident across a wide variety of songbird species. A–C: extracellularly recorded activity of HVC_X neurons is selective for specific song features of the bird's own song in swamp sparrows (A), Bengalese finches (B), and canaries (C). D: extracellularly recorded HVC_X neurons were not strongly responsive to features in the bird's own song in the zebra finch (but see Hamaguchi et al. 2014). Top: raster of auditory responses. Middle: peristimulus time histogram of auditory responses. Bottom: oscillogram of auditory responses. [Adapted from Fig. 3 of Prather (2013).]