Table 2.
Description of studies reviewed
| Patient characteristics | Interventions | Comparison | Outcome timeline | Outcome measures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ajimsha et al.19 | N = 65; experimental mean age = 42.4; sham US mean age = 40.8 | MFR vs. sham US | Control | Baseline; week 4; week 12 | 1. Function: FFI; 2. PPT |
| Cleland et al.21 | N = 60; experimental mean age = 49.5; exercise mean age = 47.4 | Electrophysical agents and exercise vs. manual therapy and exercise (impairment-based STM and joint mobilization) | Control | Baseline; week 4; 6 months | 1. Pain (NPRS); 2. Function: LEFS, FAAM, GROC |
| Dimou et al.20 | N = 20; experimental mean age = 42.1; orthotic mean age = 40.6 | Chiropractic adjustment and calf stretching vs. custom orthotics | Between group | Baseline, visit 4, visit 9, 1 month follow up | 1. Pain; 2: PPT; 3. Self-reported disability with various tasks |
| Kuhar et al.16 | N = 30; experimental mean age = 42.46; conventional therapy mean age = 43.73 | Conventional therapy vs. conventional therapy + MFR | Between group | Baseline; 10 days | 1. Pain (VAS); 2. Function: FFI |
| Renan-Ordine et al.18 | N = 60; experimental mean age = 44; stretching mean age = 45 | STM + self-stretching vs. self-stretching | Control | Baseline; 1 month | 1. Function: SF-36; 2. PPT |
| Saban et al.22 | N = 69; experimental mean age = 54; ultrasound mean age = 52 | STM, neural mobilization and self-stretching vs. US and self-stretching | Between group | Baseline; 6 weeks | 1. Pain (VAS); 2) Function: Foot & Ankle CAT |
| Wynne et al.15 | N = 19; mean age unknown | Counterstrain vs. placebo pill | Crossover design, 2–4 week washout | Baseline; 3 weeks | 1. Function: PDQ; 2. Stretch reflex; 3. H-reflex |
| Yadav and Lakshmiprabha17 | N = 60; experimental mean age = 40.13; standard care mean age = 42.7 | MFR + standard of care vs. pulsed US + standard of care | Between group | Baseline; 10 days | 1. Pain (VAS); 2. Function: FFI |
Notes: CAT = Computerized Adaptive Test; FAAM = Foot and Ankle Ability Measure; FFI = Foot Function Index; GROC = Global Rating of Change; LEFS = Lower Extremity Functional Scale; MFR = myofascial release; NPRS = Numeric Pain Rating Scale; PDQ = Pain and Dysfunction Questionnaire; PPT = Pressure Pain Threshold; STM = soft tissue mobilization; US = Ultrasound; VAS = Visual Analog Scale.