Table 1.

Overview of multimodal Raman technologies.

Raman + X	Additional Information Provided	Biomedical Applications
Fluorescence	Chemical information of specific proteins or molecular targets	Cancer detection [23], arterial plaque evaluation [26], cancer margin assessment [28]
Elastic Scattering	Additional signal strength, layer sensitivity, reduction of fluorescence	Pharmaceutical quality control [57,58], bone quality [66,70,75], cancer diagnosis [81,83]
	Morphological Information	Cellular organization [93,94], cellular dynamics [96]
OCT	Tissue morphology, correlate depth-resolved Raman with tissue structure	Drug penetration [115,116], correlation of structure and function [114]
Phase imaging	Refractive index information, cellular morphology	Spore germination [123,127,128], cell identification and discrimination [132]
Mass spectrometry	Additional chemical detail	Illicit drug forensics [134], cellular mapping and analysis [136,137]