Table 2. Population, Adjusted, Cousin, and Sibling Model Associations Between Maternal SDP and Offspring SMI.
| Outcomea | HR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Populationb | Adjustedc | Cousind | Siblinge | |
| Any SMI | ||||
| Moderate SDP | 1.25 (1.19-1.30) | 1.12 (1.07-1.17) | 1.13 (1.04-1.24) | 1.09 (0.94-1.26) |
| High SDP | 1.51 (1.44-1.59) | 1.27 (1.20-1.33) | 1.23 (1.11-1.36) | 1.14 (0.96-1.35) |
| Bipolar disorder | ||||
| Moderate SDP | 1.29 (1.22-1.36) | 1.19 (1.12-1.25) | 1.17 (1.05-1.32) | 1.06 (0.88-1.28) |
| High SDP | 1.54 (1.45-1.63) | 1.34 (1.26-1.43) | 1.35 (1.19-1.54) | 1.15 (0.92-1.44) |
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorders | ||||
| Moderate SDP | 1.16 (1.08-1.24) | 1.03 (0.96-1.10) | 1.16 (1.01-1.32) | 1.21 (0.97-1.52) |
| High SDP | 1.41 (1.31-1.52) | 1.13 (1.05-1.23) | 1.08 (0.91-1.28) | 1.09 (0.84-1.42) |
| SMI and substance use disorder | ||||
| Moderate SDP | 1.87 (1.74-2.00) | 1.50 (1.39-1.61) | 1.37 (1.18-1.58) | 1.18 (0.95-1.47) |
| High SDP | 2.33 (2.16-2.52) | 1.66 (1.52-1.80) | 1.32 (1.12-1.57) | 1.05 (0.81-1.35) |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; SDP, smoking during pregnancy; SMI, several mental illness.
a
Moderate smoking during pregnancy: 1-9 cigarettes per day; high smoking during pregnancy: ≥10 cigarettes per day.
b
Adjusted for offspring sex and parity only.
c
Also included maternal and paternal covariates.
d
Compared discordant cousins and included all covariates.
e
Compared discordant siblings and included offspring and paternal covariates and maternal age at childbirth; maternal covariates that could not differ among siblings were excluded.