Table 2.
Biomarker concentrations in the three study populations1.
| All (n = 1559) | RASIG (n = 794) | GO (n = 493) | SGO (n = 272) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidants | |||||
| Ascorbic acid (mg/L) | 4.41 (4.26; 4.58) | 4.13 (3.91; 4.36) | 4.73 (4.44; 5.02)‡ | 4.70 (4.33; 5.08)‡ | 0.002 |
| Adjusted GLM2 | 4.32 (4.13; 4.52) | 4.17 (3.87; 4.49) | 3.85 (3.32; 4.41) | 0.258 | |
| Uric acid (mg/L) | 45.9 (45.3; 46.5) | 45.7 (44.9; 46.5) | 45.3 (44.2; 46.3) | 47.4 (46.0; 48.8)◊ | 0.047 |
| Adjusted GLM2 | 45.4 (44.6; 46.1) | 46.0 (44.7; 47.2) | 47.0 (44.7; 49.3) | 0.341 | |
| Total cysteine (μmol/L) | 148.2 (146.6; 149.8) | 144.8 (142.5; 147.1) | 150.8 (147.9; 153.6)‡ | 153.3 (149.3; 157.3)‡ | <0.001 |
| Adjusted GLM2 | 144.2 (141.8; 146.6) | 149.6 (145.7; 153.4)‡ | 145.5 (138.4; 152.6) | 0.072 | |
| Total glutathione (μmol/L) | 1100 (1091; 1110) | 1088 (1074; 1102) | 1110 (1093; 1127) | 1120 (1099; 1141)‡ | 0.024 |
| Adjusted GLM2 | 1092 (1077; 1106) | 1112 (1089; 1135) | 1149 (1106; 1193)‡ | 0.025 | |
| Lycopene (μmol/L) | 0.574 (0.556; 0.592) | 0.631 (0.604; 0.659) | 0.525 (0.497; 0.554)‡ | 0.503 (0.464; 0.543)‡ | <0.001 |
| Adjusted GLM2 | 0.608 (0.583; 0.635) | 0.566 (0.526; 0.606) | 0.539 (0.470; 0.613) | 0.069 | |
| α-Tocopherol (μmol/L) | 28.8 (28.4; 29.2) | 27.8 (27.3; 28.3) | 30.1 (29.4; 30.8)‡ | 29.6 (28.6; 30.5)‡ | <0.001 |
| Adjusted GLM2 | 27.9 (27.4; 28.5) | 29.3 (28.4; 30.3)‡ | 29.9 (28.2; 31.7)‡ | 0.005 | |
| Oxidative stress biomarkers | |||||
| Protein Carbonyls (nmol/mg) | 0.577 (0.573; 0.582) | 0.595 (0.590; 0.601) | 0.558 (0.551; 0.566)‡ | 0.561 (0.552; 0.571)‡ | <0.001 |
| Adjusted GLM2 | 0.591 (0.585; 0.597) | 0.566 (0.557; 0.575)‡ | 0.564 (0.547; 0.581)‡ | <0.001 | |
| 3-Nitrotyrosine (pmol/mg) | 4.11 (3.97; 4.25) | 3.94 (3.75; 4.13) | 4.40 (4.14; 4.67)‡ | 4.10 (3.77; 4.44) | 0.018 |
| Adjusted GLM2 | 3.90 (3.70; 4.11) | 4.38 (4.03; 4.74)‡ | 3.76 (3.18; 4.38) | 0.048 | |
| Malondialdehyde (μmol/L) | 0.316 (0.306; 0.326) | 0.336 (0.322; 0.350) | 0.284 (0.266; 0.302)‡ | 0.317 (0.290; 0.346) | <0.001 |
| Adjusted GLM2 | 0.334 (0.319; 0.348) | 0.288 (0.267; 0.311)‡ | 0.314 (0.274; 0.357) | 0.004 | |
1Geometric mean (95% CI). 2Adjusted general linear model (GLM): univariate general linear model adjusted for age, BMI, smoking status, gender, and country (center). ‡Statistically significant difference to RASIG. ◊Statistically significant difference to GO. P values: statistically significant differences were determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test and by Fisher's least significant difference post hoc test in the GLM.