Table 2.
Study characteristics of high-frequency stimulation studies
| Study | Age (Mean ± SD) |
Disease Duration (Mean ± SD) |
Medication | HY Stage (Mean ± SD) |
Design | Site | Coil | Intensity | Frequency | No. of Stimuli | Duration | Evaluation Time | Total Sample |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Siebner 2000 [37] | 57 ± 11 | 5.5 ± 3.4 | OFF | Controlled | M1 | F8 | 90% MT | 5 | 2250 | 1 h | 12 | ||
| Khedr 2003 [24] | 57.8 ± 9.2 | 3.5 ± 2.3 | OFF | RCT blinded | M1 | F8 | 120% RMT | 5 | 2000 | 10 d | Immediate and 1 mo | 36 | |
| Lefauheur 2004 [25] | 64 ± 2 | 11 ± 1 | OFF | 3.4 ± 0.2 | RCT, blinded | Left M1 | F8 | 80% RMT | 10 | 2000 | 1 | Immediate | 12 |
| Fregni 2004 [38] | 65.7 ± 7.8 | 7.5 ± 8.3 | OFF | 2.1 ± 1.2 | RCT blinded | Left DLPFC | F8 | 110% RMT | 15 | 3000 | 2 wk (5/wk) | Immediate | 42 |
| Mir 2005 [39] | 63.2 ± 6.8 | 5.8 ± 3.2 | ON(rTMS) | 2.2 ± 0.3 | Controlled blinded | PMD | F8 | 90% AMT | 5 | 1500 | 1 | Immediate | 20 |
| Khedr 2006 [41] | 58 ± 10.6 | 3.6 ± 2.1 | OFF | 2.6 ± 0.6 | Controlled | Bilateral M1 | F8 | 100% MT | 25 | 3000 | 6 d | 1 mo | 55 |
| Lomarev 2006 [26] | 63 ± 10 | 13.8 ± 6.8 | ON | RCT double blind | Bilateral DLPFC | F8 | 100% RMT | 25 | 1200 | 4 wk (2/wk) | Immediate and 1 mo | 18 | |
| del Olmo 2007 [30] | 61.7 ± 5.2 | 8.1 ± 5.2 | ON | 2.2 ± 0.6 | Randomized controlled | DLPFC | F8 | 90% RMT | 10 | 450 | 10 d | Immediate | 13 |
| Sedlackova 2009 [40] | 63.7 ± 6.7 | 7.8 ± 2.3 | OFF | Controlled unblinded | PMD | F8 | 100% RMT | 10 | 1350 | 1 | Immediate (30 min) and 1 mo | 10 | |
| Benninger 2009 [34] | 62.6 ± 9.6 | ON | 2.3 ± 0.4 | Yncontrolled | M1 | C | 90% AMT | 50 | 1000 | 1 | Immediate | 10 | |
| Pal 2010 [28] | 68.5 ± 7.9 | 6 ± 2.9 | ON | 2 ± 0.5 | RCT double blind | DLPFC | F8 | 90% RMT | 5 | 600 | 10 | 1 and 30 d | 22 |
| Benninger 2011 [10] | 62.1 ± 6.9 | 10.8 ± 7.1 | ON | 2.6 ± 0.2 | RCT double blind | M1 + DLPFC bilater ally | C | 80% AMT | 50Hz theta burst | 2 (4/wk) | 1 d and 1 mo | 26 | |
| Shirota 2013 [11] | 67.9 ± 8.4 | 7.8 ± 6.6 | ON | 2.8 ± 1.3 | RCT double blind | SMA | F8 | 110% AMT | 10 | 1000 | 8 (1/wk) | 1 and 12 wk | 106 |
HY = Hoehn and Yahr scale; M1 = primary motor cortex; AMT = active motor threshold; RCT = randomized controlled trial; RMT = rest motor threshold; DLPFC = dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; MD = premotor dorsal cortex; SMA = supplementary motor area.