Table 3.

Study characteristics of low-frequency stimulation studies

Study	Age (Mean ± SD)	Disease Duration (Mean ± SD)	Medication	HY Stage (Mean ± SD)	Design	Site	Coil	Intensity	Frequency	No. of Stimuli	Duration	Evaluation Time	Total Sample
Shimamato 2001 [35]	65.1 ± 28	7 ± 4.2	ON	3.1 ± 0.9	Controlled blinded	Frontal	C	0.4T	0.2	60	8 wk (1/wk)	Immediate	18
Dragasevic 2002 [31]	59.9 ± 8.5		ON	2 ± 0.7	Uncontrolled	Bilateral frontal	C	110% AMT	0.5	200	10	2 h and 20 d	10
Ikeguchi 2003 [36]	68.8 ± 6.8	7.8 ± 4.5	ON	2.9 ± 1.1	Controlled	Bilateral frontal	C	70% output	0.2	60	2 wk (3/wk)	Immediate	16
Okabe 2003 [23]	67.2 ± 8.2	8.8 ± 5.1	OFF	3.1 ± 0.9	RCT blinded	Vertex	C	110% RMT	0.2	100	8 wk (1/wk)	4 and 8 wk	85
Buhmann 2004 [32]	58.4 ± 10.5		ON	2.1 ± 0.6	Uncontrolled	PMD	F8	80% AMT	1	1200	1	Immediate	19
Lefauheur 2004 [25]	64 ± 6.9	11 ± 3.4	OFF	3.4 ± 0.7	RCT blinded	Left M1	F8	80% RMT	0.5	600	1	Immediate (20 min)	12
Baumer 2009 [33]	62.2 ± 6.5	10.7 ± 2.9	OFF	3.1 ± 0.6	Uncontrolled	PMD	F8	80% AMT	1	1200	1	Immediate	15
Arias 2010 [29]			ON		RCT	Vertex	C	90% RMT	1	100	1	Immediate and 1 wk	18
Filipovic 2010 [27]	64.5 ± 9.4	15.6 ± 5.6	OFF	3.3 ± 2.2	Controlled blinded	M1	F8	90% RMT	1	1800	1	1 d	10
Shirota 2013 [11]	68.8 ± 7.6	8.5 ± 7.3	ON	2.9 ± 1.1	RCT, double blind	SMA	F8	110% AMT	1	1000	8 wk (1/wk)	1 and 12 wk	106

HY = Hoehn and Yahr scale; AMT = active motor threshold; RCT = randomized controlled trial; RMT = rest motor threshold; PMD = premotor dorsal cortex; M1 = primary motor cortex; SMA = supplementary motor area; MT = rest motor threshold; 5PMD = premotor dorsal cortex; 6M1 = primary motor cortex; 7SMA = supplementary motor area.