Table 2.
Sample characteristics, all participants
| Study ID | Country, setting | Serostatus & sample size (N) | Gender (%) | Age (years) (SD) | BMI (kg/m2) (SD) | Edu-cation (years) (SD) | Recreational drug use/Alcohol consumption/smoking (N) | Depression/PN/Other co-morbidities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trenkwalder 1992 [46] | Germany, NR | HIV+ 50 | M 96 F 4 |
42.5 (9.3) | NR | NR | 4 / NR / NR | NR/Yes/Various neurological deficits |
| HIV- 50 | NR | 37.5 (11.0) | NR | NR | NR / NR / NR | NR / NR / Healthy | ||
| Arendt 1994 [47] | Germany, NR | HIV+ 46 | M 74 F 26 |
ASX: 36.33 (9.18) SX: 38.8 (8.38) |
NR | NR | 0 / 0 / NR | NR / No / HIV type-1-related encephalopathy (n = 10) |
| HIV- 38 | M 53 F 47 |
37.7 (10.21) | NR | NR | NR / NR / NR | NR / NR / Healthy | ||
| Beckley 1998 [50] | USA, NR | HIV+ 9 | M 89 F 11 |
38.9 (10.7) | NR | NR | 0 / 0 / NR | NR / No / PGL (n = 2); Opportunistic infection (n = 3) |
| HIV- 10a | M 50 F 50 |
34.3 (7.8) | NR | NR | NR / NR / NR | NR / No / Healthy | ||
| Bauer 2005 [7] | USA, outpatient infectious disease clinics | HIV+ 90 | M 39 F 61 |
NRx: 40 (7.2) NNRTI: 40 (5.9) PI: 39 (6.4) |
NR | NRx: 11.5 (1.6); NNRTI: 11.6 (1.7); PI: 12.1 (2.6) |
Large % Hx of drug abuse/NRx: 39.3%; NNRTI: 40%; PI: 35.1%/NR | NRx: 42.9%, NNRTI: 28%, PI: 35.1%/NR/Exclusion criteria eliminated major psychiatric-, medical- & neurological disorders |
| HIV- 78 | M 47.4 F 52.6 |
38 (7.1) | NR | 12.6 (2.2) | Large % Hx of drug abuse/16.7%/NR | 17.9% / NR / Healthy | ||
| Simmonds 2005 [49] | USA, out- patient AIDS facility | HIV+ 100 | M 78 F 22 |
40.70 (7.49) | NR | NR | NR / NR / NR | NR / No / Exclusion criteria eliminated major medical & neurological disorders |
| HIV- 105a | M 37 F 63 |
44.9 (14.7) | NR | NR | NR / NR / NR | NR / No / Healthy | ||
| Dellepiane 2005 [48] | Italy, NR | HIV+ 30 | M 40 F 60 |
ASX: 28 (NR) AIDS: 32.8 (NR) |
NR | NR | NR / NR / NR | NR / NR / Alcoholic cirrhosis (n = 1); no neurological or oto-neurological symptoms |
| HIV- 55 | M 64 F 36 |
35 (NR) | NR | NR | NR / NR / NR | NR / NR / Healthy | ||
| Scott 2005 [35] | USA, HIV clinic | HIV+ 27 | M 100 | 48.7 (6.5) | 24.2 (4.1) | NR | NR / NR / NR | NR / NR / Exclusion criteria eliminated major medical & neurological disorders |
| Richert 2011 [8] | France, HIV clinics | HIV+ 324 | M 80 F 20 |
b47.6 (41.8, 53.9) | b22.5 (20.6, 24.6) | NR | NR / NR / NR | NR / 14% / Hepatitis B: 7%, Hepatitis C: 19% |
| Bauer 2011 [22] | USA, outpatient infectious disease clinics | HIV+ 121 | M 58 F 42 |
BMI < 21: 39.4 (1.0); BMI 21–29: 40.9 (0.8); BMI > 29: 37.6 (1.2) |
<21(n = 35); 21–29 (n = 61); >29(n = 25) |
NR | No differences between groups/No differences between groups/NR | Significant differences (P < 0.05)/NR/Exclusion criteria eliminated major psychiatric-, medical- & neurological disorders |
| HIV- 86 | M 49 F 51 |
BMI < 21: 38.5 (1.3); BMI 21–29: 38.0 (1.1); BMI > 29: 36.6 (1.0) |
<21(n = 2); 21–29 (n = 30); >29 (n = 35) |
NR | No differences between groups/No differences between groups/NR | Significant differences (P < 0.05)/NR/Healthy | ||
| Sullivan 2011 [21] | USA, HIV clinics, local community | HIV+ 40 | M 70 F 30 |
41 (NR) | M 25.4 (3.34); F 26 (3.16) |
M 14.1 (3.05); F 13.8 (2.67) |
NR / No differences between groups/M 43%, F 20% | BDI: M 10.5 (8.33); F 12.8 (9.26)/M 26%, F 17%/NR |
| HIV- 83 | M 48 F 52 |
44 (NR) | M 26.9 (4.83); F 24.7 (4.49) |
M 15.9 (2.27); F 15.3 (2.00) |
NR / No differences between groups/M 10%, F 0% | BDI: M 2.08 (2.33), F 2.9 (3.08)/NR/Without medical or psychiatric conditions | ||
| Erlandson 2012a [10] | USA, Infectious Diseases Group Practice clinic | HIV+ 359 | M 85 F 15 |
b50.8 (47.7, 55.7) | NR | NR | IDU (<1%), Cocaine (<1%), Marijuana (23%) / >7 drinks/wk. (4%) / Current: 34% | NR /NR/NR |
| Erlandson 2012b [18] | USA, Infectious Diseases Group Practice clinic | HIV+ 359 | M 85 F 15 |
52 (0.3) | NR | NR | Current IDU (<1%) / >7 drinks/wk.: Non-fallers (4%), Single fallers (7%), Re-fallers (2%) / Non-fallers (30%), Single-fallers (42%), Re-fallers (47%) | NR/NR/30% reported ≥1 falls during the past year (of those, 61% were recurrent fallers) |
| Cohen 2012 [45] | USA, multiple clinical subsites | HIV+ 247 | M 51 F 49 |
48.9 (8.9) | NR | NR | NR/No/NR | NR/NR/Exclusion criteria eliminated spinal injury, vestibular impairment, use of narcotics, antihistamines or sedatives within 48 h of testing |
| HIV- 200 | M 84 F 16 |
54.2 (11.2) | NR | NR | NR/No/NR | NR/NR/NR | ||
| Beans 2013 [43] | USA, Baltimore VA Medical Center | HIV+ 45 | M 100 | 54.4 (6.3) | <25 (51.1%) ≥25 (48.9%) |
NR | NR/NR/69.0% | NR/NR/Diabetes 26.7%, Hepatitis C 71.1%, Hypertension 68.9%, Chronic Pulmonary Disease 20%, Dyslipidemia 36.4%, Anemia 24.4% |
| HIV- 27 | M 100 | 54.7 (6.2) | <25 (32.4%) ≥25 (67.6%) |
NR | NR/NR/56.8% | NR/NR/Diabetes 18.9%, Hepatitis C 55.6%, Hypertension 73%, Chronic Pulmonary Disease 29.7%, Dyslipidemia 25.8%, Anemia 37.8% | ||
| Mbada 2013 [44] | Nigeria, Virology Research Clinic | HIV+ 37 | M 40.5 F 59.5 |
35.68 (7.71) | 22.77 (4.17) | NR | NR/NR/NR | NR/NR/NR |
| HIV- 37 | M 40.5 F 59.5 |
35.73 (7.88) | 24.31 (4.24) | NR | NR/NR/NR | NR/NR/Healthy | ||
| Richert 2014 [9] | France, HIV clinics | HIV+ 178 | M 81 F 19 |
b48 (43, 56) | b22.2 (20.5, 24.5) | NR | Prior IDU (14%)/NR/NR | NR/NR/Cerebral CDC stage C condition: 3%, Hepatitis B: 7%, Hepatitis C: 20% |
| Erlandson 2014 [12] | USA, Infectious Diseases clinic | HIV+ 359 | M 85 F 15 |
52 (5.2) | 26.4 (6.0) | NR | Current IDU (<1%) /NR/NR | NR/NR/NR |
Abbreviations: AIDS Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome, ART antiretroviral therapy, ASX asymptomatic, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, BMI Body Mass Index, CDC Centre for Disease Control, DAST-10 Drug Abuse Screening Test, F female, HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, Hx history, IDU intravenous drug use, M male, MAST Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, MDD Major Depressive Disorder, N number of participants, NA not applicable, NNRTI non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NR not reported, NRTI nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NRx no treatment, PGL Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, PI protease inhibitor, PN peripheral neuropathy, SD Standard Deviation, SX symptomatic, USA United States of America, WR Walter Reed stages
aRetrospective control group of healthy volunteers from previous study
bMedian (IQR)