Table 3.
Trends in Use of Non-vitamin, Non-mineral Specialty Supplements among US Adultsa: 1999–2000 through 2011–2012*,b
| 30-day prevalence of use % (95% confidence interval [CI])c
|
Prevalence in 2011–12 vs. 1999–2000 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999–2000 (n=4,863) |
2001–2002 (n=5,396) |
2003–2004 (n=5,028) |
2005–2006 (n=4,972) |
2007–2008 (n=5,930) |
2009–2010 (n=6,213) |
2011–2012 (n=5,556) |
p-trend | Ratio | Difference | |
| INCREASED | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Co-enzyme Q10 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.7) | 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) | 2.5 (2.0, 3.1) | 3.9 (3.3, 4.6) | 2.8 (2.2, 3.7) | 2.6 (2.1, 3.2) | 2.8 (2.1, 3.7) | <.001 | 2.4 (1.5, 3.9) | 1.6 (0.7, 2.5) |
| Cranberry | - | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.7) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.3) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) | 2.4 (1.8, 3.1) | <.001 | 6.1 (3.0, 12.3) | 2.0 (1.3, 2.7) |
| Green tea/EGCG | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) | 2.8 (2.1, 3.7) | 5.5 (4.3, 6.9) | 3.3 (2.7, 4.0) | 3.2 (2.5, 4.1) | 2.9 (2.0, 4.2) | <.001 | 3.7 (2.1, 6.4) | 2.1 (1.0, 3.3) |
| Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.9 (1.2, 3.0) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.4) | 2.4 (1.8, 3.1) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.3) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.4) | <.001 | 3.6 (2.0, 6.4) | 1.4 (0.8, 1.9) |
| Omega-3 fatty acids of any type | 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) | 2.8 (2.0, 3.8) | 4.1 (3.1, 5.3) | 7.1 (5.6, 9.0) | 11 (8.9, 13) | 11 (10, 13) | 13 (11, 15) | <.001 | 6.8 (4.9, 9.3) | 11 (9.4, 13) |
| Fish oil/EPA/DHA/DPA | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.5) | 3.0 (2.3, 3.9) | 5.5 (4.0, 7.6) | 9.2 (7.5, 11) | 10 (9.1, 12) | 12 (11, 14) | <.001 | 9.1 (6.2, 13.5) | 11 (9.1, 12) |
| Alpha-linolenic acid/flaxseed | - | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.7) | 2.8 (2.1, 3.7) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | 2.1 (1.5, 2.8) | <.001 | 2.6 (1.3, 5.0) | 1.3 (0.5, 2.0) |
| Omega-6 fatty acids | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 1.4 (0.8, 2.4) | 2.4 (1.9, 3.1) | 2.4 (1.8, 3.0) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) | 2.2 (1.6, 2.9) | <.001 | 3.1 (1.6, 6.0) | 1.5 (0.8, 2.2) |
| Omega-9 fatty acids | 0.6 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 2.1 (1.5, 2.8) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.5) | <.001 | 3.2 (1.7, 6.0) | 1.2 (0.5, 1.9) |
| Probiotic | - | 1.0 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.2) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 2.2 (1.6, 2.9) | .003 | 2.4 (1.2, 4.9) | 1.3 (0.4, 2.1) |
|
| ||||||||||
| DECREASED | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Echinacea | 1.9 (1.4, 2.5) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | 1.3 (0.9, 2.0) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | 1 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | <.001 | 0.38 (0.22, 0.65) | −1.2 (−1.8, −0.6) |
| Garlic | 4.6 (4.1, 5.3) | 3.6 (2.9, 4.5) | 2.6 (2.0, 3.5) | 2.9 (2.3, 3.7) | 2.1 (1.5, 3.0) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.2) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) | <.001 | 0.31 (0.24, 0.41) | −3.2 (−3.9, −2.5) |
| Gingko biloba | 4.6 (3.7, 5.7) | 5.0 (4.0, 6.3) | 2.9 (2.3, 3.7) | 3.7 (3.1, 4.4) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.5) | 2.4 (1.9, 3.0) | 2.0 (1.4, 2.7) | <.001 | 0.43 (0.28, 0.64) | −2.6 (−3.8, −1.5) |
| Ginseng | 6.0 (4.8, 7.4) | 7.0 (5.9, 8.4) | 4.1 (3.4, 5.0) | 4.2 (3.5, 4.9) | 2.4 (1.6, 3.5) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.6) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) | <.001 | 0.26 (0.18, 0.39) | −4.4 (−5.8, −3.0) |
| Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) | 4.5 (3.5, 5.7) | 4.1 (3.4, 4.9) | 3.1 (2.4, 3.9) | 3.4 (2.5, 4.7) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.7) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | 2.2 (1.6, 3.0) | <.001 | 0.49 (0.33, 0.72) | −2.3 (−3.5, −1.0) |
|
| ||||||||||
| STABLE | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||
| Amino acids | 4.5 (3.4, 5.9) | 4.7 (4.1, 5.4) | 4.3 (3.5, 5.2) | 5.0 (4.2, 5.9) | 3.8 (2.9, 4.8) | 3.4 (2.9, 3.9) | 4.3 (3.6, 5.1) | .11 | 0.96 (0.69, 1.3) | −0.2 (−1.6, 1.2) |
| Bilberry | 0.6 (0.4, 1.2) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.5) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.4) | 3.0 (2.5, 3.7) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.2) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.2) | .47 | 2.1 (1.0, 4.5) | 0.7 (0.0, 1.5) |
| Bromelain | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.3) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.1) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | .88 | 1.2 (0.62, 2.3) | 0.2 (−0.4, 0.8) |
| Chondroitin | 1.8 (1.3, 2.6) | 2.4 (2.0, 2.9) | 3.1 (2.0, 4.7) | 3.6 (2.9, 4.6) | 3.3 (2.6, 4.3) | 2.8 (2.4, 3.3) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.9) | .30 | 1.2 (0.77, 1.9) | 0.4 (−0.5, 1.3) |
| Fiber | 2.3 (1.7, 3.0) | 2.5 (2.2, 2.9) | 2.5 (1.9, 3.2) | 3.5 (2.6, 4.7) | 3.3 (2.6, 4.4) | 2.0 (1.6, 2.6) | 2.4 (1.6, 3.5) | .95 | 1.0 (0.63, 1.7) | 0.1 (−1.1, 1.2) |
| Ginger | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.7) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.9) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.1) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | .24 | 0.89 (0.55, 1.4) | −0.2 (−0.9, 0.6) |
| Glucosamine | 2.9 (2.3, 3.8) | 3.5 (2.9, 4.2) | 4.9 (3.5, 6.7) | 5.2 (4.2, 6.5) | 4.6 (3.7, 5.8) | 3.9 (3.3, 4.7) | 3.5 (2.9, 4.2) | .37 | 1.2 (0.87, 1.6) | 0.6 (−0.4, 1.5) |
| Grape seed | 1.8 (1.1, 2.9) | 2.7 (1.8, 4.1) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.4) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.7) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) | 1.7 (1.0, 2.8) | .42 | 0.97 (0.47, 2.0) | −0.1 (−1.3, 1.2) |
| Quercetin | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | .79 | 1.2 (0.66, 2.3) | 0.2 (−0.4, 0.8) |
| Saw palmetto (men only) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.6) | 3.2 (2.6, 4.1) | 4.2 (2.9, 5.9) | 4.3 (3.4, 5.5) | 2.3 (1.6, 3.2) | 2.2 (1.7, 2.9) | 2.7 (2.2, 3.4) | .075 | 1.1 (0.71, 1.6) | 0.2 (−0.9, 1.2) |
| Soy | - | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.4) | 2.0 (1.3, 3.0) | 1.9 (1.4, 2.7) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) | 1.7 (1.3, 2.2) | .84 | 1.3 (0.66, 2.5) | 0.4 (−0.5, 1.3) |
ABBREVIATIONS: DHA (docosahexaenoic acid); DPA (docosapentaenoic acid); EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate); EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid); MVMM (Multivitamin/multimineral)
*
Detailed information on each trend, both overall and exclusive of MVMM is presented in eTable 3
a
Among adults ages ≥ 20 years.
b
A ‘decrease’ corresponds to a ratio<1 and p-trend<0.05, an ‘increase’ represents a ratio>1 and p-trend<0.05, and ‘stable’ represents a p-trend≥0.05.
c
Data are weighted to be nationally representative.
- Dash represents suppressed data due to unstable data, if the relative standard error exceeds 30%, consistent with NHANES reporting guidelines.40