Table 2.
Cognitive measures in the Kundalini yoga and memory enhancement groups
| ky group | ky within-group analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| baseline | 12-weeks | 24-weeks | 12-weeks baseline | 24 weeks-baseline | |
| measures | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | t, df = 74 (p-value), ES* | t, df = 74 (p-value), ES* |
| memory | |||||
| HVLT total | 25.76 (6.20) | 27.14 (6.75) | 28.81 (6.52) | 1.53 (0.13), 0.28 | 2.75 (0.01), 0.54 |
| HVLT delayed | 9.03 (2.70) | 9.48 (1.86) | 9.73 (2.22) | 1.30 (0.20), 0.24 | 1.54 (0.13), 0.30 |
| WMS Imm recall | 17.19 (9.53) | 22.28 (8.15) | 23.35 (7.81) | 5.21 (<0.0001), 0.95 | 5.00 (<0.0001), 0.98 |
| WMS delayed recall | 5.22 (2.88) | 6.72 (1.85) | 7.58 (4.30) | 5.24 (<0.0001), 0.96 | 3.32 (0.001), 0.65 |
| Rey-O 3-min | 16.01 (5.93) | 18.90 (6.85) | 18.77 (8.48) | 2.96 (0.004), 0.54 | 1.98 (0.05), 0.39 |
| Rey-O 30-min | 16.71 (6.36) | 19.10 (7.65) | 20.31 (7.11) | 2.64 (0.01), 0.48 | 3.81 (0.0003), 0.75 |
| executive function | |||||
| Trails B (sec) | 112.26 (60.09) | 96.28 (41.25) | 89.45 (40.39) | −2.52 (0.01), −0.46 | −3.80 (0.0003), −0.75 |
| Stroop Word-Color | 37.41 (11.62) | 42.90 (12.02) | 43.12 (12.99) | 3.88 (0.0002), 0.71 | 3.06 (0.003), 0.60 |
| Animals | 18.79 (5.05) | 20.69 (4.83) | 21.15 (4.98) | 2.26 (0.03), 0.41 | 2.75 (0.01), 0.54 |
| met group | |||||
| baseline | 12-Weeks | 24-Weeks | |||
| measures | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | mean (SD) | MET within-group analysis | |
| memory | |||||
| HVLT total | 26.02 (5.42) | 28.90 (4.19) | 27.96 (5.44) | 2.94 (0.004), 0.54 | 1.74 (0.09), 0.35 |
| HVLT delayed | 8.93 (2.26) | 9.93 (2.08) | 9.60 (2.74) | 2.54 (0.01), 0.46 | 1.82 (0.07), 0.36 |
| WMS Imm recall | 18.27 (7.90) | 24.00 (6.49) | 24.72 (5.62) | 5.82 (<0.0001), 1.06 | 5.59 (<0.0001), 1.18 |
| WMS delayed recall | 6.27 (2.39) | 7.27 (1.17) | 7.36 (1.47) | 3.22 (0.002), 0.59 | 1.68 (0.10), 0.34 |
| Rey-O 3-min | 16.80 (5.29) | 21.22 (6.76) | 22.63 (7.19) | 3.92 (0.0002), 0.72 | 4.12 (0.0001), 0.82 |
| Rey-O 30-min | 16.69 (5.34) | 20.88 (7.38) | 23.60 (6.92) | 3.53 (0.001), 0.64 | 6.50 (<0.0001), 0.76 |
| executive function | |||||
| Trails B (sec) | 89.25 (35.74) | 89.89 (34.17) | 83.99 (29.77) | 0.15 (0.88), 0.03 | −1.35 (0.18), −0.27 |
| Stroop Word-Color | 43.22 (13.02) | 44.30 (11.67) | 42.92 (14.46) | 0.73 (0.46), 0.13 | 0.00 (1.0), 0.00 |
| Animals | 19.95 (4.09) | 20.17 (5.02) | 20.19 (5.18) | 0.48 (0.63), 0.09 | 0.96 (0.34), 0.19 |
HVLT Total = Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Total Recall; HVLT Delayed = Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Delayed Recall; WMS Imm recall = Wechsler Memory Scale-III Verbal Paired Associate test Immediate Recall; WMS Delayed recall = Wechsler Memory Scale-III Verbal Paired Associate test Delayed Recall; Rey-O = Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test; Trails B = Trail Making Test B; KY = Kundalini yoga.
*
ES = estimated effect size (Cohen's d).