Table 5.

Studies of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Alcohol-attributable Unintentional Injury (Unspecified Injury, Emergency Department Visits, Falls, Drowning, Poisoning) Mortality in the United States

First Author, Year (Reference No.)	Injurious Outcome	Data Source	Alcohol Assessment	Year(s)	Racial/Ethnic Groups Examined	Principal Findings
Stinson, 1992 (34)	All injury (no International Classification of Diseases codes given)	Vital statistics as published by the National Center for Health Statistics (national)	Estimated alcohol attributable	1979–1988	White, nonwhite	Nonwhites had higher rates of alcohol-attributable injury than whites did for each year reported (highest was in 1979, with 33.9 per 100,000 among nonwhites and 20.9 per 100,000 among whites).
Sutocky, 1993 (12)	Falls	California death statistical master file from the California vital statistics	Estimated alcohol attributable based on ARDI	1980–1989	White, black, Hispanic, “other”	Whites had the highest rate of alcohol-attributable falls (1.99 per 100,000), followed by blacks (1.19), Hispanics (0.94), and “others” (0.73).
Sutocky, 1993 (12)	Fires	California death statistical master file from the California vital statistics	Estimated alcohol attributable based on ARDI	1980–1989	White, black, Hispanic, “other”	Blacks had the highest rate of alcohol-attributable fire injuries (0.87 per 100,000), followed by whites (0.45), Hispanics (0.34), and “other” (0.18).
McDonald, 2004 (33)	General injury seen in the emergency department	National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (national)	Estimated alcohol attributable based on ARDI	1992–2000	Black, white	Blacks (8.8 per 1,000) had a higher rate of alcohol-related emergency department visits than whites did (4.6 per 1,000). Differences were most pronounced for those aged 30–60 years.
Borges, 2004 (32)	General injury seen in the emergency department	More than 500 patient interviews in California and Mexico	BAC	1995–1997	Hispanics in Mexico and the United States, categorized by measured acculturation (Caetano (85)), blacks and whites in the United States	Hispanics in Pachuca, Mexico, had the highest risk of injury 1 hour postalcohol consumption (risk ratio = 7.37), followed by Hispanics in the medium acculturation level, low acculturation level, and blacks in Santa Clara, California, and the risk was lowest for whites in Santa Clara.
Yoon, 2003 (86)	Poisoning	National Center for Health Statistics Multiple Cause of Death file data (17 states)	Recorded International Classification of Diseases code	1996–1998	Non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic	The rate of death when alcohol poisoning is the underlying cause was highest among Hispanic males (1.2 per 100,000), followed by non-Hispanic black (0.82) and non-Hispanic white (0.54). When considering alcohol as a contributing cause, non-Hispanic black males had the highest rate (0.30), followed by Hispanic males (0.22) and non-Hispanic whites (0.15). For women, blacks (0.18) had a higher rate than Hispanics (0.13) did.
Stahre, 2010 (26)	Poisoning	California death statistical master file from the California vital statistics	Estimated alcohol attributable based on ARDI	2006	White, black/African American, Asian, or “other”; Hispanic ethnicity recorded separately	Blacks had the highest rate of alcohol-attributable poisoning (39.7 per 100,000), followed by “other” (29.1), white (25.0), Hispanic (9.7), and Asian (2.7).
Stahre, 2010 (26)	Drowning	California death statistical master file from the California vital statistics	Estimated alcohol attributable based on ARDI	2006	White, black/African American, Asian, or “other”; Hispanic ethnicity recorded separately	The rate was similar for whites (3.8 per 100,000), blacks (3.7), Asians (3.1), and “others” (3.4) and was lower for Hispanics (2.1).
Stahre, 2010 (26)	Falls	California death statistical master file from the California vital statistics	Estimated alcohol attributable based on ARDI	2006	White, black/African American, Asian, or “other”; Hispanic ethnicity recorded separately	The “other” category had the highest rate of alcohol-attributable falls (29.1 per 100,000), followed by whites (17.8), blacks (7.8), Asians (7.1), and Hispanics (5.3).

Abbreviations: ARDI, Alcohol-Related Disease Impact; BAC, blood alcohol content.