Table 1.
Comparison of Patient Characteristics and Costs between FFS and each other Primary Care Model
| Variable | Total | FFS (reference) | Not enrolled | CCM | FHG | FHN | FHO | FHT-FHN | FHT-FHO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 1,133,645 | 90,112 | 96,945 | 37,554 | 345,783 | 5691 | 338,345 | 25,767 | 193,448 |
| Mean patient age (sd) | 39.8 (22.3) | 33.7 (23.7) |
35.9*** (21.9) | 41.7*** (21.6) | 39.9*** (21.6) | 42.4*** (23.2) | 41.5*** (22.3) | 40.4*** (23.0) | 41.0*** (22.6) |
| % Female | 52.7 | 50.9 | 50.6 | 52.4*** | 53.5*** | 52.9** | 52.7*** | 53.0*** | 53.3*** |
| Mean ACG® weight (sd) | 0.521 (0.711) | 0.575 (0.835) | 0.513*** (0.716) | 0.550*** (0.709) | 0.546*** (0.703) | 0.523*** (0.767) | 0.504*** (0.691) | 0.480*** (0.690) | 0.486*** (0.690) |
| Mean RIO (sd) | 8.0 (14.6) | 5.0 (12.8) | 6.5*** (13.5) | 8.7*** (16.3) | 3.5*** (8.0) | 34.0*** (16.9) | 8.6*** (14.3) | 37.6*** (25.9) | 11.9*** (16.2) |
| % Income quint 1 | 18.1 | 22.3 | 21.2*** | 20.9*** | 18.3*** | 15.4*** | 16.1*** | 18.9*** | 17.0*** |
| % Income quint 2 | 19.3 | 20.7 | 19.6*** | 22.4*** | 19.8*** | 17.6*** | 18.3*** | 20.6 | 18.9*** |
| % Income quint 3 | 20.2 | 19.2 | 20.0*** | 20.7*** | 21.1*** | 19.9 | 19.5 | 18.8 | 20.2*** |
| % Income quint 4 | 21.7 | 19.8 | 20.3** | 20.0 | 22.0*** | 23.3*** | 22.2* | 20.3 | 22.0*** |
| % Income quint 5 | 20.4 | 17.5 | 18.5*** | 15.6*** | 18.5*** | 23.6*** | 23.6*** | 20.5*** | 21.5*** |
| Mean Hospital Costs: SDS, inpatient, cancer, ED, dialysis (sd) | $765 (4895) |
$873 (5765) |
$825 (5312) |
$791* (5660) |
$676*** (4544) |
$989 (4595) |
$770*** (4772) |
$906 (4796) |
$802** (4908) |
| Mean Physician costs (sd): OHIP billings, shadow billings, capitation | $690 (1228) |
$716 (1374) |
$672*** (1286) |
$676*** (1197) |
$687*** (1222) |
$664*** (1092) |
$706* (1239) |
$608*** (1045) |
$679*** (1143) |
| Mean Long Term Episodes Costs (sd): CCC, LTC, OMHRS | $163 (2552) |
$177 (2670) |
$303*** (3524) |
$271*** (4540) |
$228*** (3739) |
$174 (2599) |
$154*** (2464) |
$207 (2901) |
$159* (2523) |
| ODB Cost (sd) | $318 (2065) |
$319 (1737) |
$324 (4180) |
$332 (1400) |
$300** (1730) |
$389** (1804) |
$320 (1570) |
$361** (1840) |
$333 (2057) |
| NRS Cost (sd) | $34 (1059) | $33 (1006) | $32 (1040) | $27 (820) | $30 (924) | $43 (1378) | $38 (1196) | $29 (1462) | $35 (1030) |
| HC cost (sd) | $119 (1389) |
$147 (1890) | $127* (1446) | $105*** (1211) |
$103*** (1369) | $141 (1236) |
$119*** (1253) |
$137 (1338) | $132* (1390) |
| Lab costs (sd) | $66 (109) | $66 (112) | $67 (112) | $74*** (112) | $75*** (116) | $43*** (87) | $63*** (105) | $48*** (97) | $58*** (102) |
| Non MD costs (sd) | $22 (133) | $22 (140) | $25*** (161) | $21 (122) | $20*** (124) | $27* (151) | $23 (134) | $24* (128) | $23 (132) |
| Mean Total health system costs (sd) | $2300 (8848) |
$2531 (10,015) |
$2608 (11,175) |
$2297*** (9441) |
$2119*** (8100) |
$2612 (8665) |
$2304*** (8524) |
$2427 (8684) |
$2334*** (8685) |
| Mean Primary Care costs (sd) | $288 (416) | $274 (605) | $268* (532) | $269 (372) | $278 (426) | $305*** (378) | $307*** (349) | $297*** (377) | $293*** (333) |
ACG® Adjusted Clinical Group, CCC Complex Continuing Care, CCM Comprehensive Care model, ED Emergency Department, FFS Fee-For-Service, FHG Family Health Group, FHT Family Health Team, FHN Family Health Network, FHO Family Health Organization, HC Home Care, LTC Long Term Care, NRS National Rehabilitation Reporting System, ODB Ontario Drub Database, OHIP Ontario Health Insurance Plan, OMHRS Ontario Mental Health Reporting System, RIO Rurality Index of Ontario, SDS same-day surgery
Significantly different from FFS at: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001