Table 5. Summary of results.

AFM/KPFM study on topographical and electrical surface potential features of the models in monolayer form; Black Lipid Membrane analysis on the permeability of each model and the effect of Aβ on this conductance; and AFM liquid imaging of Aβ accumulation over time on each model membrane.

	Healthy Model	Diseased 1 Model	Diseased 2 Model
Monolayer Morphology–AFM / KPFM Analysis
Topographical Δh	0.986 ± 0.02 nm	1.051 ± 0.016 nm	0.500 ± 0.03 nm Lower than Healthy Model
Electrostatic Surface Potential ΔV	24.64 ± 1.10 mV	70.47 ± 5.41 mV Higher than Healthy Model	11.63 ± 0.59 mV Lower than Healthy Model
Black Lipid Membrane (BLM) Analysis
Pore Forming Activity (PFA)	No significant increase in PFA with addition of amyloid	Highest PFA of three systems studied Significant increase in PFA with addition of amyloid	Significant increase in PFA with addition of amyloid
Aβ Binding to Model Membranes
Aβ Accumulation Over Time measured via Roughness Measurements	Increases with time	Fluctuate between increases and decreases over time Indicative of amyloid penetrating into membrane	Initial increase followed by large decrease Indicative of an initial accumulation event preceding membrane disruption/penetration