Table 3.

Effects of TiO₂ of different sizes at different exposure time on the growth and development of mouse in vitro embryos

DOE (h)	Embryos (n)	VXY diameter	CRL (mm)	Head length (mm)	The number of body sections	Neubert scores	Malformation rate (%)
Micro-TiO2
0	15	4.38 ± 0.08	3.35 ± 0.09	1.45 ± 0.04	30.76 ± 1.21	54.36 ± 1.32	0
16	12	4.39 ± 0.11	3.35 ± 0.13	1.47 ± 0.12	30.81 ± 1.13	54.14 ± 1.16	0
26	12	4.36 ± 0.15	3.36 ± 0.12	1.49 ± 0.11	30.62 ± 1.26	53.28 ± 1.08	0
48	15	4.41 ± 0.13	3.38 ± 0.11	1.49 ± 0.08	30.42 ± 1.22	53.45 ± 1.22	0
5–10 nm
0	15	4.37 ± 0.06	3.35 ± 0.06	1.46 ± 0.06	30.86 ± 1.61	54.43 ± 1.38	0
16	12	4.35 ± 0.04	3.03 ± 0.07	1.47 ± 0.12	30.43 ± 1.32	53.12 ± 1.26	13.33
26	12	3.93 ± 0.07*	2.76 ± 0.05*	1.14 ± 0.07*	25.26 ± 1.31*	41.32 ± 1.38*	75.00#
48	15	3.01 ± 0.06#	2.08 ± 0.08#	0.94 ± 0.08#	18.34 ± 1.12#	26.24 ± 1.43#	94.44#
60 nm
0	15	4.39 ± 0.06	3.36 ± 0.07	1.47 ± 0.08	30.90 ± 1.62	54.13 ± 1.31	0
16	12	4.36 ± 0.04	3.13 ± 0.13	1.22 ± 0.17*	30.63 ± 1.45	52.31 ± 1.26	8.33
24	12	4.05 ± 0.09*	2.77 ± 0.08#	1.15 ± 0.06*	27.68 ± 1.30*	41.32 ± 1.48*	66.67*
48	15	3.04 ± 0.11#	2.13 ± 0.16#	0.94 ± 0.78#	19.04 ± 1.07#	27.24 ± 1.15#	100.00#
90 nm
0	15	4.39 ± 0.06	3.36 ± 0.06	1.47 ± 0.08	30.90 ± 1.62	54.13 ± 1.31	0
16	12	4.37 ± 0.04	3.35 ± 0.08	1.22 ± 0.17*	30.63 ± 1.45	52.31 ± 1.26	0
24	12	4.25 ± 0.06	3.08 ± 0.07#	1.15 ± 0.06*	27.68 ± 1.30*	41.32 ± 1.48*	56.67*
48	15	3.34 ± 0.09#	2.29 ± 0.05#	0.94 ± 0.78#	19.04 ± 1.07#	27.24 ± 1.15#	86.67#

DOE duration of exposure;

Compared to controls, *P < 0.05; ^# P < 0.01