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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017 Apr 26;26(8):1276–1287. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-16-1006

Table 3.

Pooled multivariable relative risks (RR)1 and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for categories of fruit, vegetable, and mature bean consumption and prostate cancer risk

Pooled RR P for trend P for between-studies heterogeneity2
Total fruits & vegetables
Intake category, g/day <200 200–<400 400–<600 600–<800 ≥800
Total3 1.00 1.07 (1.02 – 1.11) 1.04 (0.99 – 1.08) 1.01 (0.97 – 1.05) 1.05 (0.99 – 1.11) 0.72 0.21
By stage
 Localized4 1.00 1.08 (1.03 – 1.14) 1.06 (1.00 – 1.12) 1.03 (0.99 – 1.08) 1.07 (0.99 – 1.15) 0.99 0.11
 Advanced5 1.00 0.97 (0.88 – 1.07) 0.96 (0.86 – 1.07) 0.94 (0.82 – 1.08) 0.98 (0.84 – 1.14) 0.78 0.65
 Advanced restricted6 1.00 0.99 (0.88 – 1.12) 1.03 (0.86 – 1.23) 1.02 (0.85 – 1.21) 1.02 (0.80 – 1.30) 0.63 0.24
 CaP-specific death7 1.00 1.00 (0.89 – 1.13) 0.89 (0.78 – 1.02) 0.92 (0.78 – 1.09) 0.89 (0.74 – 1.07) 0.39 0.86
By grade
 Low3 1.00 1.07 (1.02 – 1.12) 1.04 (1.00 – 1.08) 1.01 (0.96 – 1.06) 1.02 (0.97 – 1.08) 0.22 0.80
 High8 1.00 1.08 (0.97 – 1.20) 1.11 (0.99 – 1.25) 1.04 (0.91 – 1.18) 1.16 (0.95 – 1.42) 0.33 0.01
Total fruits
Intake category, g/day <100 100–<200 200–<300 300–<400 ≥400
Total3 1.00 1.01 (0.98 – 1.04) 1.02 (0.99 – 1.05) 0.99 (0.96 – 1.02) 1.00 (0.97 – 1.03) 0.76 0.81
By stage
 Localized3 1.00 1.01 (0.97 – 1.06) 1.04 (1.00 – 1.07) 1.00 (0.96 – 1.03) 1.01 (0.97 – 1.05) 0.76 0.38
 Advanced5 1.00 0.90 (0.82 – 0.98) 0.95 (0.86 – 1.04) 0.94 (0.85 – 1.05) 0.93 (0.84 – 1.03) 0.82 0.57
 Advanced restricted6 1.00 0.89 (0.79 – 0.99) 0.97 (0.86 – 1.09) 1.04 (0.91 – 1.20) 0.99 (0.86 – 1.14) 0.54 0.80
 CaP-specific death7 1.00 0.89 (0.80 – 0.99) 0.99 (0.87 – 1.12) 0.92 (0.80 – 1.06) 0.90 (0.76 – 1.06) 0.66 0.22
By grade
 Low3 1.00 1.02 (0.99 – 1.06) 1.03 (0.99 – 1.06) 1.00 (0.96 – 1.04) 0.99 (0.96 – 1.03) 0.27 0.92
 High8 1.00 0.96 (0.90 – 1.03) 1.04 (0.97 – 1.11) 0.99 (0.92 – 1.07) 1.01 (0.94 – 1.09) 0.60 0.81
Fruit and vegetable juice
Intake category, g/day <25 25–<75 75–<150 150–<250 ≥250
Total 1.00 1.03 (1.00 – 1.06) 1.04 (1.00 – 1.08) 1.02 (0.99 – 1.05) 1.03 (0.99 – 1.07) 0.26 0.31
By stage
 Localized 1.00 1.04 (0.99 – 1.09) 1.04 (0.99 – 1.09) 1.03 (1.00 – 1.06) 1.03 (0.99 – 1.06) 0.08 0.58
 Advanced5 1.00 1.03 (0.93 – 1.15) 1.04 (0.95 – 1.15) 1.03 (0.93 – 1.15) 1.09 (0.95 – 1.25) 0.31 0.36
 Advanced restricted6 1.00 1.08 (0.95 – 1.22) 1.04 (0.92 – 1.18) 1.10 (0.96 – 1.26) 1.14 (0.97 – 1.33) 0.06 0.75
 CaP mortality7 1.00 1.05 (0.94 – 1.19) 1.02 (0.90 – 1.14) 1.01 (0.89 – 1.15) 1.01 (0.86 – 1.19) 0.75 0.39
By grade
 Low 1.00 1.02 (0.97 – 1.06) 1.03 (0.99 – 1.08) 1.01 (0.98 – 1.05) 1.01 (0.96 – 1.05) 0.75 0.35
 High8 1.00 1.14 (1.01 – 1.27) 1.08 (1.01 – 1.16) 1.04 (0.97 – 1.11) 1.08 (0.96 – 1.22) 0.88 0.17
Total vegetables
Intake category, g/day <100 100–<200 200–<300 300–<400 ≥400
Total9 1.00 1.02 (1.00 – 1.05) 1.01 (0.98 – 1.05) 1.01 (0.97 – 1.05) 0.99 (0.95 – 1.04) 0.28 0.67
By stage
 Localized10 1.00 1.03 (1.00 – 1.06) 1.02 (0.98 – 1.06) 1.02 (0.98 – 1.07) 0.98 (0.94 – 1.03) 0.35 0.56
 Advanced5 1.00 0.98 (0.90 – 1.07) 0.95 (0.86 – 1.06) 0.96 (0.84 – 1.10) 0.98 (0.84 – 1.14) 0.47 0.82
 Advanced restricted11 1.00 1.03 (0.93 – 1.15) 0.96 (0.82 – 1.14) 1.00 (0.84 – 1.19) 0.98 (0.81 – 1.20) 0.58 0.47
 CaP mortality 7 1.00 0.94 (0.85 – 1.04) 0.90 (0.79 – 1.02) 0.92 (0.77 – 1.08) 0.94 (0.78 – 1.13) 0.57 0.89
By grade
 Low12 1.00 1.02 (0.99 – 1.06) 1.02 (0.98 – 1.05) 1.01 (0.97 – 1.06) 0.98 (0.92 – 1.04) 0.13 0.33
 High8 1.00 1.08 (1.00 – 1.18) 1.07 (0.97 – 1.18) 1.05 (0.97 – 1.15) 1.08 (0.94 – 1.24) 0.73 0.21
Cruciferous vegetables
Intake category, g/day <10 10–<30 30–<50 50–<70 ≥70
Total13 1.00 1.03 (1.01 – 1.06) 1.01 (0.97 – 1.05) 1.00 (0.96 – 1.04) 1.02 (0.96 – 1.09) 0.94 0.08
By stage
 Localized13 1.00 1.03 (0.99 – 1.06) 1.00 (0.96 – 1.05) 1.00 (0.95 – 1.05) 1.02 (0.96 – 1.09) 0.80 0.17
 Advanced5 1.00 1.05 (0.95 – 1.17) 1.05 (0.89 – 1.24) 0.91 (0.77 – 1.09) 0.98 (0.83 – 1.17) 0.47 0.97
 Advanced restricted6 1.00 1.05 (0.95 – 1.17) 1.05 (0.89 – 1.25) 0.90 (0.75 – 1.08) 0.98 (0.82 – 1.16) 0.45 0.94
 CaP mortality7 1.00 0.92 (0.83 – 1.02) 0.94 (0.82 – 1.08) 0.84 (0.71 – 1.00) 0.89 (0.75 – 1.05) 0.28 0.48
By grade
 Low13 1.00 1.02 (0.98 – 1.06) 1.00 (0.96 – 1.05) 1.00 (0.95 – 1.04) 1.02 (0.97 – 1.06) 0.58 0.50
 High8 1.00 1.09 (1.01 – 1.19) 1.05 (0.97 – 1.14) 1.11 (0.97 – 1.27) 1.13 (0.95 – 1.36) 0.25 0.01
Tomato products14
Intake category, g/day <10 10–<25 25–<50 50–<100 ≥100
Total15 1.00 1.00 (0.97 – 1.03) 0.99 (0.94 – 1.04) 1.00 (0.96 – 1.04) 0.95 (0.89 – 1.02) 0.09 0.17
By stage
 Localized15 1.00 1.00 (0.96 – 1.04) 1.00 (0.96 – 1.04) 1.00 (0.96 – 1.04) 0.95 (0.90 – 1.01) 0.02 0.47
 Advanced5 1.00 1.00 (0.90 – 1.12) 1.05 (0.93 – 1.19) 1.05 (0.88 – 1.25) 0.99 (0.83 – 1.18) 0.73 0.67
 Advanced restricted16 1.00 0.96 (0.85 – 1.09) 1.05 (0.88 – 1.25) 0.99 (0.79 – 1.23) 0.89 (0.70 – 1.13) 0.43 0.34
 CaP mortality17 1.00 0.98 (0.85 – 1.15) 1.02 (0.89 – 1.17) 1.05 (0.85 – 1.29) 0.99 (0.80 – 1.23) 0.84 0.65
By grade
 Low15 1.00 0.99 (0.95 – 1.03) 0.99 (0.94 – 1.04) 1.01 (0.95 – 1.07) 0.93 (0.87 – 1.00) 0.02 0.38
 High18 1.00 1.09 (1.01 – 1.18) 1.01 (0.90 – 1.14) 1.06 (0.97 – 1.15) 1.04 (0.93 – 1.17) 0.61 0.79
Mature beans19
Intake category, g/day <15 15–<50 50–<100 ≥100
Total20 1.00 0.99 (0.97 – 1.01) 0.95 (0.92 – 0.98) 0.86 (0.78 – 0.95) 0.003 0.06
By stage
 Localized21 1.00 0.97 (0.95 – 1.00) 0.93 (0.90 – 0.97) 0.88 (0.82 – 0.95) <0.001 0.37
 Advanced21 1.00 1.08 (1.00 – 1.16) 1.01 (0.89 – 1.14) 1.10 (0.91 – 1.34) 0.72 0.72
 Advanced restricted22 1.00 1.07 (0.95 – 1.20) 1.02 (0.87 – 1.20) 1.06 (0.82 – 1.36) 0.77 0.94
 CaP mortality23 1.00 1.07 (0.97 – 1.17) 1.02 (0.88 – 1.19) 1.12 (0.89 – 1.42) 0.49 0.77
By grade
 Low20 1.00 0.98 (0.95 – 1.01) 0.94 (0.91 – 0.98) 0.89 (0.82 – 0.97) 0.003 0.28
 High24 1.00 1.00 (0.93 – 1.08) 0.99 (0.92 – 1.07) 0.86 (0.76 – 0.97) 0.02 0.41

AARP=NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study; ATBC=Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study; CaP: prostate cancer; CARET=Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial; CI: confidence interval; CLUE-II=CLUE II: Campaign Against Cancer and Heart Disease; CPS-II=Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort; COSM=Cohort of Swedish Men; EPIC=European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HPFS=Health Professionals Follow-up Study; JPHC-I=Japan Public Health Center-Based Study Cohort I; JPHC-II=Japan Public Health Center-Based Study Cohort II; MCCS=Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study; MEC=Multiethnic Cohort Study; NLCS=Netherlands Cohort Study; PCPT=Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial; PLCO=Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial; RR=relative risk.

“Advanced”: defined as T4, N1, or M1 tumors or prostate cancer mortality; “Advanced restricted”: same as advanced CaP, but excluding those who died of CaP during follow-up who had been diagnosed with localized cancer or had missing stage data; “High grade”: Gleason score ≥8 or poorly differentiated/undifferentiated; “Localized”: defined as T1/T2 and N0M0 tumors, i.e. cancers confined within the prostate; “Low grade”: Gleason score <8 or well/moderately differentiated.

1

All models adjusted for marital status (married [ref], never married, widowed, divorced), race (Caucasian [ref], African-American, Asian, Hispanic, other), education (<high school [ref], high school, >high school), body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) (<23 [ref], 23–<25, 25–<30, ≥30), height (meters) (<1.70 [ref], 1.70–<1.75, 1.75–<1.80, 1.80–<1.85, ≥1.85), alcohol (g/day) (0 [ref], >0–<5, 5–<15, 15–<30, ≥30), multivitamin use (no [ref], yes), total energy intake (kcal/d, as continuous variable), smoking status (never [ref], past smoker <15 packyears, past smoker ≥15 packyears, current smoker <40 packyears, current smoker ≥40 packyears), prostate cancer family history (no [ref], yes), physical activity (low [ref], medium, high), history of diabetes (no [ref], yes). Age in years and year of questionnaire return were included as stratification variables. We included a stratification variable for EPIC.

2

P-value for between-studies heterogeneity for highest category.

3

JPHC-II was excluded from the top two levels of intake because there were no cases in these levels. The participants in this study who were in these categories and were not cases were included in the next highest category.

4

JPHC-I was excluded from the highest level of intake and JPHC-II was excluded from the two highest levels of intake because there were no cases in these levels. The participants in this study who were in these categories and were not cases were included in the next highest category.

5

JPHC-I, JPHC-II, and PCPT were excluded from this analysis because each had fewer than 50 cases of advanced CaP.

6

The CARET, CLUE-II, JPHC-I, JPHC-II, MCCS, and PCPT were excluded from this analysis because each study had fewer than 50 cases of advanced restricted CaP.

7

CARET, CLUE-II, JPHC-I, JPHC-II, and PCPT were excluded from this analysis because each study had fewer than 50 cases of CaP mortality.

8

JPHC-I and JPHC-II were excluded from this analysis because each had fewer than 50 cases of high-grade CaP.

9

JPHC-I was excluded from the highest two levels of intake and JPHC-II was excluded from the highest three levels of intake because there were no cases in these levels. The participants in this study who were in these categories and were not cases were included in the next highest category.

10

JPHC-I was excluded from the highest two levels of intake, JPHC-II was excluded from the highest three levels of intake, and ATBC was excluded from the highest level of intake because there were no cases in these levels. The participants in these studies who were in these categories and were not cases were included in the next highest category.

11

JPHC-I, JPHC-II, PCPT, CARET, CLUE-II, and MCCS were excluded from this analysis because each study had fewer than 50 cases of this subtype; ATBC was excluded from the highest two levels of intake because there were no cases in these levels. The participants in ATBC who were in these categories and were not cases were included in the next highest category.

12

JPHC-II was excluded from this analysis because all cases were in the reference group; JPHC-I was excluded from the highest two levels of intake and ATBC was excluded from the highest level of intake because there were no cases in these levels. The participants in JPHC-I and ATBC who were in these categories and were not cases were included in the next highest category.

13

JPHC-I and JPHC-II were excluded from this analysis because these cohorts did not inquire about cruciferous vegetable intake.

14

The tomato product food group included tomatoes (raw, cooked, and unknown), tomato sauce (with meat, without meat, and unknown), tomato juice, pizza, and lasagna. A fraction was applied to estimate tomato consumption for foods that consisted of tomatoes with other ingredients. JPHC-I was excluded from all analyses of tomato product intake because this study did not assess tomato consumption.

15

JPHC-II was excluded from the highest level of intake because there were no cases in this level. The participants in this study who were in this category and were not cases were included in the next highest category.

16

CARET, CLUE-II, JPHC-II, MCCS, and PCPT were excluded from this analysis because each study had fewer than 50 cases of advanced restricted CaP.

17

CARET, CLUE-II, JPHC-II, and PCPT were excluded from this analysis because each study had fewer than 50 cases of CaP mortality.

18

JPHC-II was excluded from this analysis because this study had fewer than 50 cases of high-grade CaP.

19

ATBC and JPHC-II were excluded from all analyses of mature bean intake because these studies did not assess mature bean consumption.

20

JPHC-I was excluded from the highest two levels of intake and CARET was excluded from the highest level of intake because there were no cases in these levels. The participants in these studies who were in these categories and were not cases were included in the next highest category.

21

JPHC-I and PCPT were excluded from this analysis because each study had fewer than 50 cases of this subtype; CARET, CLUE-II, CPS-II, and NLCS were excluded from the highest level of intake because there were no cases in this level. The participants in CARET, CLUE-II, CPS-II, and NLCS who were in this category and were not cases were included in the next highest category.

22

JPHC-I, PCPT, CARET, CLUE-II, and MCCS were excluded from this analysis because each study had fewer than 50 cases of this subtype; CPS-II, and NLCS were excluded from the highest level of intake because there were no cases in this level. The participants in CPS-II and NLCS who were in these categories and were not cases were included in the next highest category.

23

JPHC-I, PCPT, CARET, and CLUE-II, and were excluded from this analysis because each study had fewer than 50 cases of this subtype; CPS-II, NLCS, and PLCO were excluded from the highest level of intake because there were no cases in this level. The participants in CPS-II, NLCS, and PLCO who were in this category and were not cases were included in the next highest category.

24

JPHC-I was excluded from this analysis because this study had fewer than 50 cases of this subtype; CARET, CLUE-II, and NLCS were excluded from the highest level of intake because there were no cases in this level. The participants in CARET, CLUE-II, and NLCS who were in this category and were not cases were included in the next highest category.